印尼 促进贸易也需企业努力
文｜周浩黎（H.E. Ambassador Djauhari Oratmangun）印度尼西亚共和国驻华大使 翻译｜王晓波
●双边关系
●为什么选择印度尼西亚？
●印度尼西亚与中国贸易合作前景展望
●怎样促进双方更紧密的贸易联系
双边关系
近几年来，印度尼西亚（下称印尼）与中国的双边关系发展势头良好。我们见证了两国间一系列的重大事件，包括高层领导人的互访和战略磋商，以及三次年度高层对话和双边合作联合委员会的成立。现在我们面对的挑战就是要思考怎样将两国的战略合作构想转化成具体成果，包括双边贸易额、投资额和旅游人数。
2017年5月，佐科·维多多总统和习近平主席在北京一带一路高峰论坛期间举行了会谈。他们承诺要确保印度尼西亚和中国全面战略伙伴关系的落实与实现，特别是在投资、金融、采矿、贸易等许多方面。
2018年5月6日至8日，李克强总理对印尼进行了成功访问，并且会见了佐科·维多多总统。他们讨论了在一带一路倡议和全球海洋支点框架下区域综合经济走廊的共同发展计划，并且特别强调了要加强贸易和投资领域的合作，包括在印尼基础设施项目建设方面的合作。
今年是印尼和中国建立全面战略伙伴关系的第五年，同时也是中国与东南亚国家联盟（东盟）建立战略伙伴关系的第十五年。在李克强总理访问印尼期间，双方同意在合作框架下务实合作，并且希望印尼能在中国与东盟的关系中发挥建设性的作用，助力中国与东盟合作的日臻完善和升级。
事实上，现在是印尼和中国携手推动两国经济发展的最佳时机。作为战略合作伙伴，当务之急是思考如何推进两国在贸易、投资和旅游方面的务实合作。因为对印尼来说，这三个方面是其未来发展的主要推动力。
过去几年里中国已经成为印尼最大的贸易伙伴，也是印尼外商投资的主要来源国。2017年双边贸易达到了633亿美元，中国对印尼的投资也达到33亿美元。但是两国在贸易、旅游和投资方面仍具有继续发展的空间。
为什么选择印度尼西亚？
从区域和全球的角度看，印尼处于非常重要的战略位置。印尼是最大的群岛国家，拥有丰富的自然资源和人力资源。自2014年以来，印尼经济一直保持强劲增长。2017年，印尼国内生产总值实现了5.07%的增长，达到约9330亿美元，这主要是依靠消费和投资拉动的。
世界银行的报告预测，到2030年，印尼中产阶级和富裕消费者将达到1.35亿。此外，印尼还是东南亚最大的经济体，国内生产总值约9330亿美元，按人均计算位居东南亚第四位（印尼人口是2.57亿）。因此，印尼的市场蕴藏着雄厚的消费基础，潜力巨大，为包括中国企业在内的境外企业提供了大量的商机。
与此同时，作为经济发展的主要支柱之一，根据预计，私人投资为国内生产总值贡献了2606亿美元，它们中的53.5%来自制造业。因此，国内生产总值的持续增长、不断改善的投资环境、稳定的宏观经济政策和国内政局的稳定都使得印尼成为非常具有吸引力的贸易伙伴和投资目的国。面对这样的机遇，中国企业积极投身印尼发展和繁荣的进程对双方来说都至关重要。
当然，印尼的经济也仍面临着许多挑战，这与全球经济的不确定性有着很大关系。印尼的压力不仅来自内部，而且也有许多外部因素，特别是全球经济增长放缓的现状。为了应对这些来自内、外部的压力，政府已经采取了结构性改革，加速基础设施项目的建设和进一步改善投资环境，并且特别通过了实施14项放松经济管制的措施。这些松绑措施包括：加快施工速度、缩短贸易流程和物流运输的时间、税收优惠和减免、简化许可证发放（投资和土地许可）和中小企业（SMEs）审批手续、实现营商便利化和发展电子商务。通过这些措施的落实，2018年，印尼的经济有望在通货膨胀保持平稳的情况下继续保持持续稳定的增长。
印度尼西亚与中国贸易合作前景展望
现在，印尼和中国在各个方面都保持着良好的关系，包括经济领域。印尼期望与中国展开更多的经济合作，因为中国是经济大国。印尼与中国的经济合作伙伴关系对双方都非常重要。
对印尼来说，中国是其最大、最重要的贸易伙伴之一。2017年，两国的贸易总额达到了633亿美元，比2016年增长了17.15%（2016年的贸易额是约540亿美元）。在投资方面，2017年中国对印尼的总投资约达33亿美元，涉及到1402个项目，并因此雇用了约35000名印尼劳动力。
当然这些数字都还有继续增长的空间，特别是两国的贸易额。两国近几年的贸易数据如表1。
从表1可以看出，这几年印尼与中国的贸易一直存在着逆差，不过从2017年开始，逆差已经开始大幅减少了。逆差的削减与一些经济外交成就有着很大的关系，包括批准印尼产品进入中国市场的协议，比如燕窝、番荔枝果、龙鱼、加哈鲁木和山竹。事实上，贸易逆差的减少与印尼对中国出口的产品种类越来越多有很大关系。以前印尼的出口主要依靠原材料和矿物质，而它们极易受到价格波动的影响。
印尼出口到中国的主要商品有矿石、油脂、橡胶、木浆和化工产品。中国出口到印尼的商品有机械、电力机械、矿物燃料、钢铁、家具和塑料。
为了进一步提升两国间的贸易，印尼已经做好准备，将向中国供应更多高品质的产品，比如棕榈油和生物柴油、家具、热带水果（龙眼、菠萝、芒果和榴莲）、咖啡、巧克力、鱼类产品以及其它产成品和工业用品，从而把两国间的贸易逆差进一步降下来。
怎样促进双方更紧密的贸易联系
增加印尼与中国间贸易往来需要两国政府和私营企业的共同努力。最近在李克强总理访问印尼期间，针对解决贸易逆差问题和进一步加强经济领域的合作，双方又取得了一些积极成果。
其中包括，增加印尼出口到中国的棕榈油配额（至少50万吨）、允许印尼的农产品和热带水果出口到中国、大力推广清真产品和穆斯林特色的贸易和加强基础设施方面的合作，包括落实在一带一路倡议和全球海洋支点框架下区域综合经济走廊的共同发展计划（它涉及到印尼的四个省，即北苏门答腊、北加里曼丹，北苏拉威西和巴厘岛）。
这些积极成果为两国间进一步发展贸易奠定了基础 ，但要确保贸易协议的顺利实施，利益相关方，特别是私营企业，也需要发挥重要作用。为了开辟市场和推广产品，印尼政府积极参加了中国一些地区和城市举办的重要的贸易博览会和展销会。在这些博览会和展销会上，印尼政府让私营企业向中国企业和消费者充分展示其具有市场潜力的产品。2018年11月，印尼还将参加中国国际进口博览会，向中国市场展示印尼最好的出口产品。
为了吸引更多中国消费者的关注，印尼的公司还在中国使用了电子商务平台来推销和零售印尼的产品。在中国最大的电子商务平台淘宝和天猫上，印尼的产品通过在线产品市场Inamall进行销售，这样中国的顾客就可以直接购买许多在印尼热销的产品了。
中国与印尼的贸易合作绝对不能只依靠政府，还需要私营企业的积极参与。两国之间有着雄厚的合作基础，双边关系发展良好，因此，经济合作一定能得到进一步加深。现在中国已经是印尼最大的贸易伙伴、第三大投资来源国和最大的境外游客来源国，如果双方的战略合作能够落实在不断增长的数据上，将带给双方更大的益处和繁荣。（编辑：张梅）
英文版
Enhancing Trade between Indonesia and China
By H.E. Ambassador Djauhari Oratmangun of the Republic of Indonesia to China
●General Overview of Bilateral Relation
●Why Indonesia?
●Prospects of Trade Cooperation between Indonesia and China
●How to promote closer trade links?
General Overview of Bilateral Relation
The development of bilateral relation between Indonesia and China has set into a positive momentum over the last few years. We have witnessed an increasing number of high-level engagement including exchange of visits and strategic consultations between leaders of the two great countries, as well as the three Annual High Level Dialogues and the Joint Commission for Bilateral Cooperation. The main challenge for now is indeed on how to translate the strategic cooperation of the two countries into numbers particularly in terms of the value of trade, flow of investment and tourism.
Last year in May 2017, President Joko Widodo and President Xi Jinping met in Beijing on the margins of the Belt and Road Forum and agreed to the implementation and realization of Indonesia-China Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, particularly in the fields of investment, financial, mining, trade, and many others.
While just recently, from 6 to 8 May 2017, Premier Li Keqiang had conducted a successful visit to Indonesia and met with President Joko Widodo. They discussed the planned joint development of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Corridor within the Belt and Road Initiative cooperation and the Global Maritime Fulcrum framework as well as strengthening trade and investment cooperation, including enhancing cooperation on infrastructure development projects in Indonesia.
Furthermore, this year marks the 5thanniversary of the establishment of the comprehensive strategic partnership between Indonesia and China. Also it happens to coincide with the 15th anniversary of the establishment of the strategic partnership between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). During the visit of Premier Li Keqiang to Indonesia, both sides agreed to promote cooperation under those framework of cooperation, and it is hoped that Indonesia will better play a constructive role in China-ASEAN relations so as to promote improvement and upgrading of China-ASEAN cooperation.
Indeed, the time has never been right for Indonesia and China to join hand in hand in promoting the economic development of the two countries. As strategic partner, it is imperative to reflect the cooperation into real meaningful numbers, particularly in relation to trade, investment and tourism between both countries. For Indonesia, these three sectors are also the key drivers for Indonesia’s future development.
The increasing two-way trade, investment and tourism cooperation must be further reflected on the Indonesia-China comprehensive strategic partnership. Indeed China has been Indonesia’s largest trading partner for the last few years and also as the main source of foreign investment in Indonesia, in which the two-way trade have reached US$63.3 billion and Chinese investment in Indonesia have reached US$ 3.3 billion in 2017. However, there are still rooms for improvement for trade, tourism and investment between China and Indonesia.
Why Indonesia?
In term of regional and global perspective, Indonesia is situated in a very strategic place. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country, rich in natural and human resources. Indonesia economic growth remains robust since 2014, and last year on 2017, Indonesia Gross Domestic Product grew by 5.07 percent, accounted around US$933 billion which is mainly driven by private consumptions and investment.
World Bank Report has also projected that Indonesian middle-class and affluent consumers in Indonesia would reach to 135 million by 2030. Moreover, Indonesia is also the largest economy in the Southeast Asia with the total GDP of around US$933 billion and the fourth largest nation in terms of population (257 million). Thus Indonesian market presents opportunities for businesses including Chinese businesses looking to tap into this significant domestic consumption base.
Meanwhile, as one of the main pillars of our economy, private investment is expected to contribute 260.6 Billion USD, and 53.5% of which would be expected to come from manufacturing sector. Therefore, the combination of Indonesia’s positive GDP growth, improving investment climate, stable macro-economic policies and domestic political stability have made Indonesia a very attractive destination for trade and investment. Indeed with such a great opportunity, it is vital for Chinese businesses to be part of the growing and flourishing Indonesia.
Surely there will still be challenges faced by the Indonesia's economy which closely related with the global economic uncertainty. Indonesia is facing not just internal pressure but also external factors particularly with the slowdown of global economic growth. In responding to these internal and external factors, the government also have implemented structural policies, accelerating infrastructure projects as well as improving the investment climate in Indonesia particularly through the implementation of 14 economic deregulation packages. These deregulation packages includes issues on building industry efficiency, logistics and trade, tax allowance and tax holiday, licensing (Investment, Land certificates), small and medium enterprises (SMEs), ease of Doing Business in Indonesia as well as on the e-commerce development. In doing so, Indonesia's economy in 2018 is expected to continue to grow positively with stable inflation level.
Prospects of Trade Cooperation between Indonesia and China
Today, Indonesia and China enjoy an excellent relationship at all fronts, including in the economic field. Indonesia looks forward to a greater economic cooperation and partnership with China, as the region’s economic powerhouse. Economic partnership between Indonesia and China is very important for both countries.
For Indonesia, China is one of our important and biggest trading partners, with the total trade volume in 2017 accounted to US$63.3 billion, an increase of 17,15% compare to 2016 (around US$54 billion). Meanwhile in term of investment, the total of China’s investment Indonesia in 2017 was around US$ 3,3 billion with 1.402 projects, employing around 35.000 people in Indonesia.
From these figures, there is certainly room for improvement particularly in relation to trade between both countries. The trade volume data between the two countries are as follows:
As shown in above table, Indonesia and China trade balance deficit has occurred in recent years, but has decreased quite significant in 2017. This deficit reduction is related to a number of economic diplomacy achievements including the agreement for access to Chinese's market of various Indonesian products such as bird swallow's nest, sallacas fruits, arowana fish, gaharu wood, and mangosteen fruit. Indeed, the decline in trade deficit is also due to the increasingly diverse range of Indonesian export products to China. Previously Indonesian exports relied on raw materials and mineral materials that are vulnerable to price fluctuation.
Main Indonesia's export commodities to China are ores, fats and oil, rubber, woodpulp, and chemical products. While China's export commodities to Indonesia are machinery, electrical machinery, mineral fuel, iron steel, furniture, and plastic.
To further boost the trade between the two countries, Indonesia is ready to supply China with high quality Indonesian products such as palm oil and biodiesel, furniture, tropical fruits (such as dragon fruit, pineapple, durian, mangos), coffee, chocolate, fisheries, as well as other manufactures and other industrial products, which will eventually further decrease the trade deficit between both countries which is currently around US$6,35 billion.
How to promote closer trade links?
Efforts to increase trade between Indonesia and China is a joint concerted effort between the related government stakeholders and the private sectors of the two countries. Recently during the Premier Li Keqiang visit to Indonesia, positive results has been announced to address the issue of trade deficit between Indonesia and China and to further boost economic cooperation between both countries.
Several positive results of the visit such as the additional quota of for the export of Indonesia’s Palm Oil to China (minimal 500.000 tones), access for agricultural and tropical fruits from Indonesia to China, promoting trade for Halal products and Muslim fashion, infrastructure connectivity development cooperation including the joint development of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Corridor within the Belt and Road Initiative cooperation and the Global Maritime Fulcrum framework (in 4 Provinces in Indonesia namely North Sumatera, North Kalimantan, North Sulawesi and Bali).
Indeed those positive results are only the foundation for further effort to boost trade between both countries. Related stakeholders particularly in private sectors will play an important role to successfully implement the agreement in trade and business deals. In term of promotion and market penetration, the Government of Indonesia has also actively participated in several important trade fairs and exhibitions held in regions and cities across China. In this participation, the Government involved private companies from Indonesia to showcase their potential products to the Chinese businesses and consumers. In the upcoming November 2018, Indonesia will also participate in the China International Import Expo, to showcase the best of Indonesian export products to the Chinese market.
Furthermore, to actively reach the Chinese consumer, Indonesia companies have also utilized the e-commerce platform in China for promotion and retails of Indonesian export products. In one of China's largest e-commerce platform Taobao and T-Mall, Indonesian products are sold through INAMALL channel, in which Chinese customers can directly have access to many popular Indonesian products sold in China.
Trade cooperation between China and Indonesia definitely will not only depend on the government but also on private sectors. With the strong foundation of cooperation as well as positive momentum in bilateral relation between countries, economic cooperation can surely be further enhanced. For now China is Indonesia’s largest trading partner, third largest investment source as well largest foreign tourists’ source for Indonesia. Therefore, this strategic partnership between China and Indonesia needs to be translated into concrete numbers, which will bring mutual benefits and prosperity for both countries.
Link
The Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Beijing is fully committed to increase economic cooperation between China and Indonesia and to bridge interaction and cooperation between related stakeholders in government and businesses of the two countries. For further information and any inquiries on trade and investment in Indonesia, please contact the Economic Division of the Embassy at phone: 010-65321138 or email ekonomi.beijing@kemlu.go.id, ekonomi.beijing@yahoo.com or the Trade Attaché Office of the Embassy at phone: 010-65324748 or email trade.beijing@yahoo.com