导读
中国“十四五”规划里的一些发展目标与印尼经济发展重点存在交集，双方应在数字经济，绿色经济，医疗合作，脱贫减贫等领域开展务实合作
●“十四五”规划与印尼发展规划对接
●投资合作成果显著
●双边关系未来发展前景
去年新冠疫情的发生使全球经济下行压力加大，在这个大背景下，印尼与中国的经济合作关系依然保持强劲态势，不断提质升级。中国仍是印尼最大贸易伙伴和第二大外资来源国。两国建交七十年以来，多领域合作硕果累累，两国关系日渐紧密。
多年来，印尼和中国的双边贸易取得重大进展。2020年，印尼和中国的双边贸易额达785亿美元。2020年全年，印尼对华出口总额累计达374亿美元，同比上涨10.10%，印尼成为东盟国家当中第四大对华出口国（2019年为第五大）。同一时期，印尼自中国进口总额下降10.13%至410亿美元。2020年，印尼对华贸易逆差为36亿美元，与2019年117亿美元的逆差相比缩小了68.96%。
印尼和中国的投资合作也取得了丰硕成果。2016年以来，中国对印尼的投资额持续上升。过去三年，中国一直是印尼第二大外资来源国。2019年，中国对印尼实际投入外资47亿美元，与2018年相比提升了95.6%。去年，中国对印尼投资额达48亿美元，与2019年同期相比提高了2.1%。
“十四五”规划与印尼发展规划对接
就在今年，中国的全国人大表决通过了“十四五”规划。印尼也制定了“国家长期发展规划”（RPJPN）和“国家中长期发展规划（2020-2024年）”（RPJMN）。后者涵盖五项总统主持的重点工作——人才开发、基础设施建设、精简政务、减少繁文缛节和经济结构转型。
中国“十四五”规划里的一些经济发展目标与印尼的经济工作重点存在交集。中国未来将重点进行基础科学和核心技术攻关。中国的数字经济体量常年位列世界第二，在“一带一路”倡议框架下，中国正在利用经济数字化转型契机，深化与各国的合作。
印尼也在利用自身资源禀赋，不断发展数字经济。截止到2020年，印尼有五家十亿市值企业、一家百亿市值企业，网民数量达1.97亿，市场渗透率达74%、同比增长8.9%。印尼的智能手机渗透率高，熟练使用互联网的年轻人口和中产阶级体量庞大。印尼计划提高农村地区的数字化水平，支持中小企业数字化转型，并加强数字基础设施建设。
“十四五”规划的重点之一是发展绿色经济，中国在努力提高现有能源利用效率的同时积极开发新型能源。过去十年，中国的电动汽车产业不断壮大。镍是电动汽车制造业的重要原材料，印尼是全球最大的镍生产国，未来印尼和中国有望在该领域深化合作。
医疗合作是中国对外交往的重要方面。如今全球正在逐渐摆脱新冠肺炎疫情的影响，新冠疫苗更是有望阻止经济形势进一步恶化。今年年初，中国国务委员兼外交部长王毅到访印尼并表示，中国支持印尼成为地区疫苗分发中心。
在以习近平主席为核心的中国共产党的带领下，中国实现了逾7亿人口脱贫的伟大壮举。在接下来的“十四五”期间，中国计划迈入高收入水平国家行列，并争取到2035年成为发达国家。印尼政府希望与中方在脱贫方面展开项目合作，利用印尼现有的科学技术、教育和产业，实现减贫目标。
⬆ 2021年3月24日,中方承担的雅万高铁轨道板预制任务全部完成(新华社发 祖卡南摄）
投资合作成果显著
为了减缓新冠肺炎疫情带来的影响，推动经济复苏，印尼和中国制定了多项战略计划，旨在加快经济复苏，实现新旧经济增长模式的顺利转换。2020年7月，印尼创建了新冠肺炎疫情防控和国家经济复苏委员会，代替原先的临时工作组主持后疫情时期的各项工作，印尼有望加快步入经济发展正轨。
2015年以来，印尼政府一直在努力改善各项规章制度、财务状况和组织架构，为启动基础设施项目助力。过去几年，印尼政府先后实施了一系列经济发展战略计划，旨在为促进印尼经济增长提供更完善的法律法规框架。2018年，印尼政府启动了一站式线上申请系统（OSS），以简化企业注册流程，缩短企业注册周期。
2020年，总统佐科·维多多领导下的现任印尼政府出台了一项综合性法律。该法案最主要的目的是精简企业经营执照审批流程，加大印尼市场对外资的开放力度并吸引更多国际人才，进而创造更多就业岗位，促进经济增长。
印尼有2.7亿人口，资源禀赋丰富，与中国的合作机遇众多，特别是在经贸领域。雅加达-万隆高铁是印尼一项重大国家战略项目，是印中两国基础设施合作的旗舰工程，也是两国发展全面战略伙伴关系的重要成果。
在印尼“全球海上支点”（GMF）和“一带一路”（BRI）倡议框架下，印尼成为本地区唯一一个成功通过对接国家级发展战略实现地区互联互通的国家。迄今为止，印中两国在以上两个战略框架下签订了23个合作协议，携手开发印尼的四大经济走廊，四个地区分别有四种不同的发展定位，分别为北苏门答腊——“东盟的经济和商业中心”、北加里曼丹——“能源与矿产中心”、巴厘岛——“高科技与创新经济中心”、北苏拉威西——“环太平洋经济中心”。合作协议的内容包括共同开发建设经济特区、科技园区、工业园区、港口与临港工业区，修建废物处理厂和发电厂，发展电子商务、5G、“姐妹港”、渔业和交通业。
除了雅加达-万隆高铁项目，“全球海上支点”和“一带一路”倡议框架下还有其他值得关注的基础设施项目，例如巴厘海龟岛的数字技术中心项目、加拉横-唐格朗工业园区项目、瓜拉丹戎港项目、汽车工业园、莫罗瓦利工业园区等等。
印尼的经济特区以及保税物流中心为外国投资商提供许多物流优惠政策。印尼也在不断向外资开放更多产业，在冷藏业、体育中心、胶片冲洗实验室、胶粉、餐馆酒吧、药物原材料制造业、公路收费站、通讯业等领域，外资控股可达100%。其他产业也在不断上调外资最大控股比例，以便吸引外国企业进入印尼市场，分享印尼经济快速发展的成果。
双边关系未来发展前景
世界银行报告预测，2021年全球经济将会实现回弹；但要重回疫情前水平，尚需2-3年。在这一背景下，印中两国应进一步加强双边关系，携手朝着共同方向迈进，努力寻找更多的经济合作机遇，为未来开展更高水平务实合作打好基础。
印中两国经济增长潜力巨大，未来经济合作前景广阔，两国应积极探索并最大程度地利用好各领域合作机遇。印尼坚信，两国未来多领域合作将会不断提质升级，两国必将迎来光辉的未来！
编辑 | 张 梅
翻译｜齐晓彤
设计 | 大 米
Last
year, the world witnessed global economic turndown sunken by the
COVID-19 pandemic. Amidst the pandemic, Indonesia – China's economic
cooperation not only remains robust and strengthened but also elevated
to a higher level. China is still the leading trading partner of
Indonesia and the second-largest source of foreign investment in
Indonesia. During the 70 years of bilateral relations, a mountain of
cooperation in various areas was formed and brought the two countries
closer.
Bilateral
trade between Indonesia and China shows tremendous achievement. In 2020
the total trade volume of Indonesia and China reached 78.5 billion US
dollars. From January to December 2020, the total export value of
Indonesia to China reached 37.4 billion US dollars, rose 10.10 percent
compared to the same period in 2019, which brings Indonesia as the
fourth, from fifth in 2019, largest exporter to China among ASEAN
countries. In that period, the total import value of Indonesia to China
decreased 10.13 percent at the value of 41 billion US dollars. This
result leads to Indonesia's trade deficit from China valuing at 3.6
billion US dollars, or balancing at 68.96 percent compared to the same
period in 2019 with a deficit value of 11.7 billion US dollars.
As
bright as trade relations, investment cooperation between Indonesia and
China also shows significant accomplishment. Since 2016, China’s
investment in Indonesia has continued to increase. For the last three
years, China is the second-largest foreign investor in Indonesia. In
2019, China’s investment realization valuing at 4.7 billion US dollars,
rose 95.6 percent compared to the investment realization of 2018. Last
year, China's investment in Indonesia reached 4.8 billion US dollars,
rose 2.1 percent from the same period in 2019.
The 14th Five Year Plan and Policy Development
This
year, China has passed the 14th Five Year Plan. Indonesia has also
formulated the National Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN) and the
5-year Medium-Term National Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020-2024. The
RPJMN contains 5 Presidential Priorities, namely Human Resource
Development, Infrastructure Development, Regulation Simplification,
Simplification of Bureaucracy, and Economic Transformation.
On
its 14th Five Year Plan, China has set some economic development
targets that are intertwined with Indonesia’s economic priorities.
Science and technologies are at the top of the agenda, aiming to improve
China’s technological capabilities. For the last couple of years, China
has been known as the second-largest digital economy in the world.
Under the Belt and Road cooperation, China is strengthening its existing
foreign cooperation with digital transformation.
Indonesia
has also been developing its digital economy and building its
foundation with many potentials. Indonesia now has five unicorns and one
decacorn, 197 million internet users in 2020, with the penetration
hitting 74 percent, up 8.9 percent from last year, as well as high
smartphone penetration, young internet-savvy population, and the growing
of middle-class society. Indonesia is also planning to digitalize its
rural area and support digital transformation for small and medium
enterprises, as well as improving its digital infrastructure.
China’s
14th Five Year Plan is also focused on green development. China is
improving its energy efficiency and expanding new energy resources. In
the last decade, China’s electric vehicle industry is growing rapidly.
On the other hand, Indonesia is the most significant nickel producer
globally, which becomes predominant for the electric vehicle
manufacturing industry.
Healthcare
cooperation is also China’s priority in its foreign relations. As the
world recuperates from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, a vaccine
becomes the remedy for the economic collapse. During the visit of
China’s State Councilor/Foreign Minister Wang Yi to Indonesia early this
year, China is supporting Indonesia to be a vaccine-hub in the region.
Under
Xi Jinping’s Presidency, China was able to elevate more than 700
million people out of poverty. For the next 14th Five Year Plan, China
develops to become one of the high-income countries in the world, and by
2035, it is already set plans that China will become a developed
country. In this regard, the Indonesian Government hopes to cooperate
with China to implement poverty alleviation programs based on science
and technology, education, and industry in Indonesia.
Investment Cooperation
In
a bid to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and continue with
economic development, Indonesia and China had formulated key strategies
that will also foster accelerated recovery and adapt to the new
economic paradigm. In July 2020, Indonesia established the COVID-19
Mitigation and the National Economic Recovery Committee to replace the
Task Force to accelerate the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Furthermore,
since 2015, the Indonesian Government has been improving its
regulation, fiscal, and organization to support infrastructure projects.
For the last couple of years, a number of Economic Policy Package has
been issued which included improvement in law and regulation to support
Indonesian economic growth such as the National Strategic Projects. In
2018, the Indonesian Government launched an Online Single-Submission
System (OSS). The new initiative is meant to shorten the business
registration period and consequently simplify the process significantly.
The
program is strengthened in 2020 when President Joko Widodo's
administration launched an omnibus law. The bill is focused on
streamlining business licenses, making Indonesia more open to foreign
investment and more flexible to the labor market, which eventually
boosting job opportunities and economic growth.
Home
for 270 million people, Indonesia is blessed with abundant potentials,
which opens many opportunities to cooperate with China, particularly in
the economic sector. The Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway, one of
Indonesia's National Strategic Project, is the landmark of
Indonesia-China infrastructure cooperation as well as a flagship project
of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of both countries
cooperation.
Under
the framework of Indonesia's Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) and China's
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) cooperation, Indonesia has become the
only country that has succeeded in synergizing the two concepts to
promote regional connectivity. Currently, there are 23 cooperation
agreements under the framework of GMF-BRI to develop Indonesia's four
economic corridors, namely North Sumatra, which is being developed as
“Economic and Business Hub for ASEAN”; North Kalimantan as “Energy and
Mineral hub”; Bali as “Hightech & Creative Economy Hub”; and North
Sulawesi as “Pacific Rim Economic Hub.”. The cooperation agreements
cover technopark and industrial park development, waste treatment
project, power plant, e-commerce, transport development, port and
industrial area, special economic zone, 5G, sister port, and fisheries
industry.
Besides
the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway Project, there are other
highlighted infrastructure projects under the GMF-BRI framework such as
the Centre of technology digital development in Turtle Island of Bali
(Pulau Kura-Kura Bali); Karawang and Tangerang Industrial Park; Kuala
Tanjung Port; Car Industrial Park; Morowali Industrial Park; and many
more.
In
terms of logistics in Indonesia, foreign investors are welcome to use
the facility in Indonesia's Special Economic Zones and Bonded Logistic
Center, where more incentives are available. Indonesia is also opening
further sectors that are available to foreign ownership, even up to 100%
on sectors such as cold storage, sports center, film processing lab,
crumb rubber, restaurants and bars, pharmaceutical raw materials
manufacturing, as well as toll road operator and telecommunication
testing company. Other sectors are opened up to primary foreign
ownership, increasing the opportunity for foreign companies to take part
and benefit in Indonesia's rapid growth.
Indonesia-China’s Endeavour for Future Development
Although
a report by the World Bank Group projected an economic rebound in 2021,
however, it is also predicted that the global economic recovery will
take around 2-3 years until it back to the normal condition before the
pandemic. In this light, Indonesia and China should promote their
bilateral relations to grow stronger and lay the solid foundations for
the furtherance of concrete cooperation in the near future. Both
countries should walk together and work in tandem to mutually discover
economic cooperation.
To
conclude, learning the potentials of Indonesia and China, there is
plenty of prospective cooperation in front, awaits to be explore and
make the best use of it. Indonesia and China's cooperation will grow
stronger and be more cemented in various areas.
Editor | Zhang Mei
Design | Demi