导读
加纳希望在充分考虑本国特有的社会经济文化条件的前提下，充分学习借鉴中国在实现快速转型方面的成功经验。因此，中国“十四五”规划蕴含许多双边互利合作的宝贵机遇
●加中友谊源远流长
●中国是加纳最大的贸易投资伙伴
●“超越援助”计划和十四五规划异曲同工
●“十四五”规划蕴含合作新机遇
加中友谊源远流长
1957年加纳共和国宣告独立，随后1960年加纳与中国建立外交关系，加纳是非洲第一批与中国建交的国家。加中两国自建交之日起便开始逐渐加深的传统友谊在中华人民共和国主席习近平和加纳共和国总统纳纳·阿库福－阿多高瞻远瞩的领导下，不断焕发新的生命力与活力。
加中源远流长的深厚友谊是由加纳国父克瓦米·恩克鲁玛博士及同时代中国领导人毛泽东主席和周恩来总理亲手孕育、维护起来的，阿库福－阿多总统与习近平主席又使加中关系迈上了新台阶。
中国是加纳最大的贸易投资伙伴
加中在经贸、基建、文教、医疗、安全等领域有广泛的合作。
中国是加纳最大的贸易伙伴，加纳是中国在非洲的第七大贸易伙伴，加中双边贸易额达73亿美元。即便放在全球、多边语境下，加中合作依然是富有成效的。在符合加纳利益的前提下，在重要议题上支持中国是加纳在多边场合的一贯立场。1971年，加纳等一众非洲国家便就恢复中华人民共和国在联合国安理会的常任理事国席位投下赞成票。
加纳一直在中非合作论坛和“一带一路”倡议框架下发挥积极作用。所有的这些多边主义倡议都旨在巩固传统友谊，深化政治互信，推动多领域务实合作，构建人类命运共同体，共享发展繁荣成果。就投资项目数量上看，中国已超越加纳传统外资来源国或国际组织美国、英国和欧盟，成为加纳最大的投资伙伴。
加中高层互访巩固加深了两国缔结友谊、开展合作的纽带。
“超越援助”计划和十四五规划异曲同工
中国的“十四五”规划旨在巩固1978年改革开放以来的经济成果，并确保国家实现向社会主义现代化国家平稳过渡的中期目标。为此，中国宣布将加大力度进行科技研发，推进经济增长、社会进步、国防建设，并在保护环境、减缓气候变化的前提下拉动消费、促进可持续发展，进而实现国家经济转型。这些领域都为加中开展互利合作提供了广阔的机遇。
中非合作以相互尊重、相互信任和巩固传统友谊为基础。中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，非洲是囊括最多发展中国家的大洲，因此非中处境经历相似，双方在涉及国际重大关切的议题上更倾向于保持团结一致、求同存异、凝聚共识。中国经历了数十年举世瞩目的高增长，一跃成为了全球第二大经济体，并愿与非洲分享发展成果和成功的实践经验。非中合作势头持续增长，迄今最重要的非中合作框架中非合作论坛在此背景下应运而生，加纳在其中一直发挥积极作用。在中非合作论坛的框架下，加纳为国内基建项目筹措了宝贵的资金，受益颇丰。
与中国一样，加纳政府也制定了长期发展规划——“超越援助”计划，旨在带领加纳摆脱国际援助。纳纳·阿库福－阿多总统表示，“超越援助”计划，一言以蔽之，目的在于使加纳从发展中国家转型为发达繁荣、充满自信的国度，不依靠援助发展自己，而是积极参与全球贸易投资竞争。因此，加纳的“超越援助”计划和中国的发展规划有异曲同工之妙，二者的落脚点都在于改善民生，实现社会繁荣。中国过去40年的发展成就令举世惊叹，加纳希望在充分考虑进来本国特有的社会经济文化条件的前提下，充分学习借鉴中国在实现快速转型方面的成功经验。因此对于加纳而言，中国“十四五”规划蕴含着许多未来非中开展互利合作的宝贵机遇。
为了使加纳“超越援助”计划落地，加纳领导人始终坚持弘扬非洲内部贸易，因为非洲大市场的活力一旦被激发出来，加纳及非洲其他国家则有望脱贫，非洲也会进入到经济快速发展的轨道中。加纳是第一个签署非洲大陆自贸区协定的国家，协定于2021年1月生效，加纳也不出意料地成为了自贸区秘书处所在地。
“十四五”规划蕴含合作新机遇
加中合作覆盖面较广，两国最重要的合作领域是经济和贸易。目前加中正就重振联合合作委员会一事保持密切接触，并在商议制定新的双边投资协定，所有这些工作都有望为加中经贸关系的深化注入新的动力。
在基础设施建设方面，加纳得益于中国的优惠贷款和赠款，所筹措的资金用于建设关键基础设施，助力经济转型。同样，加纳与中国签署的防务协定也取得巨大成效。加纳学生从中方提供的奖学金项目中受益匪浅，他们得以远赴中国求学，受到高等教育。
任何国家要想在国际层面开展竞争，发展科技是必不可少的。因此眼下加纳在仔细研读“十四五”规划，寻找与中国在前沿科学技术领域进行利益融合的创新渠道。
加纳环境科技创新部正在重点研究中国长期发展规划中的科技部分，以期与中国的主管部门展开更有实效的合作。
目前来看，线上营销、人工智能、数字经济、云服务、云数据、5G和芯片制造等领域是未来加中的潜在合作领域。
教育在国家发展中起到至关重要的作用。加纳此前宣布了“免费高中”计划，这是一项旨在促进教育可及性、公平性，保证教育质量的雄心勃勃的政策。教育领域的可及性、公平性和质量问题亟需通过科技来解决，加纳希望与中国合作，将创新和新科技带进校园，提升职业培训机构的设施水平，提高加纳教育整体的竞争力，向国际标准看齐。
农业对加纳政府而言十分重要。加纳对华贸易逆差每年高达20亿美元，加纳将利用在农业领域的相对优势，大力发展农业，提高精加工半加工农产品出口额，缩小对华贸易逆差。鉴于中国在农业发展方面取得的长足进步，加纳认为与中国在农业领域展开合作的前景十分广阔。
气候变化和环境退化使全球各国面临巨大挑战，加纳也不例外。加纳饱受森林过度砍伐和水体污染之苦，加纳人民的健康及环境质量也受到了威胁。加纳十分重视中国政府为了减少污染推出的一系列政策主张，加方愿与中方一道为提升环境质量做努力。
加纳尤其愿意与中国在可再生能源领域展开合作，目前加纳正在开发生物质能和风能。加纳愿与中国合作，通过发展可再生能源，提高能源供应的安全性、可负担性和可持续性。
编辑 | 张 梅
翻译 | 齐晓彤
设计 | 大 米
Ghana
was one of the first countries in Africa to establish diplomatic
relations with China after Ghana became independent in 1957. The depth
of this long-standing relations dating back to 1960 has, in recent
years, under the able leaderships of His Excellency, Xi Jinping,
President of the People’s Republic of China and His Excellency, Nana
Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, President of the Republic of Ghana, witnessed
greater vigor and dynamism.
It
is, however worth stating that while our present warm relations were
birthed and nurtured by our founding fathers, Chairman Mao Zedong and
Premier Zhou Enlai on one hand and Dr. Kwame Nkrumah on the other hand,
Presidents Xi and Akufo- Addo are credited with elevating them to a
higher pedestal.
Ghana
and China have cooperated in diverse areas such as trade and economic,
infrastructure development, education, culture, health and security,
among others.
China
is Ghana’s largest trading partner globally and Ghana is the 7th
trading partner of China in Africa with the volume of trade between the
two countries estimated at around $7.3billion. The cooperation between
the two countries has been effective also at the international and
multilateral level. Whenever necessary and consistent with its interest,
Ghana has provided support to China on important issues at the
multilateral level. Ghana was for instance, part of a number of African
countries which supported China to secure a permanent seat on the
United Nations Security Council in 1971. Ghana continues to be an
active member of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) and the
“Belt and Road Initiative” all of which are aimed at consolidating
traditional friendship, deepening mutual trust, promoting practical
cooperation in various fields and building a community of shared
prosperity. China is also the largest investor in Ghana in terms of
number of projects thus outpacing investments from some of our
traditional partners such as the USA, U.K and EU.
At
the political level, there have been reciprocal high-profile visits
between Ghana and China, which have helped to consolidate and deepen the
bonds of friendship and cooperation between the two countries.
China’s14th
5-year plan seeks to consolidate the economic successes chalked in the
wake of the “opening up” or reforms commenced in 1978 as well as to
secure the transition of the country to a moderately prosperous
socialist state in the medium term. To achieve this, technology has
been identified as the catalyst to spur economic social and military
advancement while, the promotion of consumption and sustainable
development through combating climate change among others, are also
expected to play significant roles in the transformation of the country.
All of these areas provide immense prospects for cooperation between
Ghana and China in a win-win manner.
Sino-Africa
cooperation is centered on respect, mutual trust and friendship. China
is the largest developing country while Africa is the continent with the
largest number of developing countries. In that regard, our
circumstances and experiences are similar which has made it easier for
Africa and China to bond together and find common grounds on a number of
issues of global importance. Following the recent spectacular growth
of China which has made her the world’s second largest economy, China is
desirous to share the benefits of its successes and experiences with
Africa. This has culminated in the establishment of FOCAC, the foremost
framework for Sino-Africa cooperation of which Ghana is an active
member. The advent of FOCAC has brought enormous benefits to Ghana as it
has served as a vehicle for securing critical finance for
infrastructural projects in Ghana.
Like
China, Ghana also has a development plan which is anchored on an agenda
to build Ghana “Beyond Aid”. As our President Nana Akufo-Addo has
succinctly put it, “Ghana ‘’Beyond Aid” focusses on transforming Ghana
from a developing country into a developed, prosperous and confident
nation not living on aid but engages competitively with the rest of the
world through trade and investment” There is therefore a parallel
between the Ghana “Beyond Aid” agenda and China’s development plan
because all of them seek the sole aim of building prosperous societies.
In line with China’s phenomenal growth in the past 40 years, Ghana is
looking forward to replicate some of the measures that have contributed
to this rapid transformation in line with its peculiar cultural and
socio- economic dynamics. In that regard, Ghana sees a lot of
opportunities in China’s 5-year plan for cooperation in a win-win
manner.
To
realize the vision of Ghana “Beyond Aid”, Ghana’s leadership has been
at the forefront in the promotion of intra African trade which, if
actualized, has the potential to lift Ghana and Africa out of poverty
and launch the continent into an era of economic advancement.
Consequently, Ghana was the first country to sign the protocol setting
up the African continental free trade area and justifiably now serves as
the headquarters of African Continental Free Trade Area which came into
effect in January 2021.
Sino-Ghana
cooperation covers a wide range of areas. Notable among these are trade
and economic cooperation which has benefitted the two countries. Ghana
and China are engaging constructively towards revitalizing their
Permanent Joint Commission for Cooperation and negotiating a new
bilateral investment treaty all of which are expected to give a further
impetus to our trade and economic relations. On Infrastructure
development, Ghana is a beneficiary of concessional loans and grants
from China which has enabled her to provide critical infrastructure for
our economic transformation. Also, Ghana has a defense agreement with
China which has yielded immense benefits. Ghana continues to enjoy
scholarship packages from the Chinese side for deserving Ghanaian
students to pursue higher education in China.
There
is no doubt that for a country to be able to compete effectively in the
global scene the promotion of technology is critical. Ghana is
therefore taking a serious look at ways to advance its technological
development to facilitate meaningful cooperation with China within the
5-year Plan.
In
this regard, Ghana’s Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and
Innovation intends to study the proposals relating to technology in the
plan with a view to forging effective cooperation with its Chinese
counterpart Ministry.
Some possible areas for cooperation are online
marketing, artificial intelligence, digital economy, icloud, cloud data,
5G and chip making, among others.
Education
is an important tool for a country’s development and Ghana has unveiled
an ambitious education policy to address issues of access, equity and
quality in education called “Free Senior High School” policy. The issue
relating to access, equity and quality in education can best be
addressed through technology. Ghana intends cooperating with China to
bring innovation and technology to our schools and in vocational
training institutes with a view to be competitive globally.
The
Agricultural sector is of great importance to the Government of Ghana.
Ghana’s trade deficit with China currently stands at about 2bn USD
annually. The agricultural sector where Ghana has comparative advantage
presents prospects for it to narrow the trade gap through increased
exports of processed and semi processed agricultural products.
Therefore, in light of China’s advancement in Agriculture, Ghana sees
immense opportunity in that area for cooperation.
Ghana,
like many countries, is not immune from the ravages of climate change
and environmental degradation affecting the world. In Ghana’s case,
deforestation and pollution of water bodies among others, continue to
plague us and, in the process, pose hazard to the health of its citizens
as well as the environment. Ghana attaches a lot of importance to the
strategies put in place by the Chinese Government to eradicate pollution
and in that respect is ever ready to partner with China to promote our
environment.
Ghana
intends to take advantage of the new plan to cooperate in the area of
renewable energy where China is already a leader. Ghana places premium
on renewable energy and it is in the process of developing its
potentials in solar biomass and wind power. Cooperating with China to
improve Ghana’s access to reliable, affordable and sustainable energy
supply through renewable energy will be worth pursuing.
Editor | Zhang Mei
Design | Demi