中非合作论坛2015约翰内斯堡峰会将于12月4~5日在南非召开。这将是中非合作论坛第二次峰会——2006年，中非合作论坛首次峰会在北京举行。这是中非合作论坛峰会15年的历史上首次在非洲大陆举办。中国外交部部长王毅将此次峰会描述为“一次历史性的峰会，是中非团结与合作历史上的一座里程碑。”15周年是中非合作论坛的“水晶婚”，确实有太多的东西值得庆祝！
习近平主席近期在菲律宾马尼拉举办的APEC峰会CEO论坛上表示，在2015年的前3季度，中国经济保持了6.9%的增速，对全球经济增长的贡献多达30%。而这样的增速是在已有的超过10亿美元的现有中国经济体量基础上实现的。
正如驻刚果(金)大使馆大使王同庆在庆祝中国人民共和国成立66周年的庆祝活动上所指出：“在过去的66年里，中国人民克服了很多艰难险阻才完成了我们现在所见证的巨大而显著的成就。中国社会的生产力已经完成了历史性跨越，并被这个星球上的每个人所认可。中国成为了世界上第二大经济体、第一大货物贸易国，是许多商品的第一大生产国，并拥有全世界最大的外汇储备”。
无须多言的是中国的经济增长对于非洲有一种“回旋效果”。据南部非洲研究与文献中心下属的中国非洲研究院的研究显示，中非关系自从2000年非洲发展论坛发起以来经历了一段持续繁荣的时期。中非合作在很多方面让非洲的前景更加光明，合作内容涵盖了投资、贸易等领域。合作也使得非洲大陆继续经历了一段比其他大陆更快的经济社会增长期。非洲2015年的GDP增速达到了4.5%。中非的贸易额从2000年的100亿美元增长到2014年的2200亿美元，而中国在非洲的投资额在同期从5亿美元增长到300亿美元。中国进口了大量非洲商品，在6年前已经取代美国成为了非洲第一大贸易伙伴。同时，非洲对中国出口的自然资源也对中国快速的经济增长产生了助推力。在过去的10年，中国对非洲很多国家都给予了无息贷款，并在非洲大陆上建造了大量基础设施。
中国愿意并且已经准备好向非洲国家做技术转让，并帮助其实现工业化（尤其是农业的机械化和资源的转化利用，以创造更多就业和市场，进一步发挥世界增长最快的劳动力市场的潜力），整合这些国家的经济发展，实现地区的快速包容性增长。这样，中国不仅帮助非洲摆脱其殖民枷锁，也帮助他们实现他们的经济、政治和社会发展方面的潜力。通过这种方式，非洲国家可以以平等的合作者身份重新进入国际社会，并为他们的尊严、身份和文化遗产感到自豪。中非合作正在帮助非洲消除殖民主义过去的影响，并重新书写非洲的历史。
正如中国驻多哥大使刘豫锡所言，即将到来的中非合作论坛约翰内斯堡峰会将会特别关注提升中非的繁荣和发展，帮助非洲实现工业化和经济整合，加强互联互通的梦想。事实上，一切中非合作都是以创造一个双赢的结局为目标。因为，正如中国外交家所说，中非在历史上经历过相似的苦难，现在面临着相似的发展目标，包括推动工业化、国家的现代化和城市化，以此来推动彼此国内人民幸福指数的提高(这也是为什么中非合作论坛应该征求基层老百姓和私营企业家的意见的原因)。而且双方都在国际舞台上发挥着越来越重要的作用。
事实上，在国际层面中非之间已经铸就了一个令人生畏的战略联盟，并在重大的国际问题上一致发声。这其中包括联合国安理会的改革以及打造一个更加平衡的国际关系和国际事务上的同等话语权。这也正是中非友谊和信任稳固的原因，这也已经超越了“北京共识”，表明无论是否有西方参与，中非双方都能够解决自己的问题。
正如南部非洲研究与文献中心下属的中国非洲研究院所指出，本次中非合作论坛将在巩固以往成就的基础上继续探索新的模式和方法来建立一个更加公平和包容的系统区推动可持续的社会经济发展。
刘豫锡恰如其分地指出，非洲需要发展基础设施和制造业，增加就业机会的同时增强产品的附加值。而中国有大量过剩的高素质制造业产能，所以她需要向非洲来转移，这样也就可以达到相互依赖的目的。这也正是为何本次论坛的主题：“中非携手并进、合作共赢、共同发展”，是恰当的、合适的。合作的目标领域包括经济合作、融合、工业化、选矿、卫生、消除贫困、非洲的和平与安全等。中国将会宣布债务减免，并给予非洲最不发达国家关税减免待遇，加强双边的司法合作、地区和平与安全、教育、人员培训、文化、媒体和科学等领域合作。
为了把中非关系提升到一个新的高度，非洲已经明确制定出了一个路线图，这就是非洲2063年发展规划以及第一个10年行动计划。这个路线图势必将会成为此次峰会的焦点，南非国家关系与合作部部长马沙巴内将此路线图描述为非洲与世界其他国家合作的推动力。非洲2063年发展规划以及第一个10年实施计划是非洲联盟提出的一个洲际发展规划，目标是充分利用非洲的资源来造福非洲人民。
据非洲的第一家网络媒体《邮报和卫报》对中国商务部副部长张向晨的采访称，中国在非洲合作论坛之前已经承诺向非洲提供500亿美元的资金来帮助非洲的工业化进程。另外中国将会派50名专家来支援非洲建造和升级工业园以及新的发电厂，派20万名产业经理帮助非洲训练和培养当地的经理人以及会提供多达4万个不同行业的培训机会。
中国已经在埃塞俄比亚和南非设立了工厂，并计划在苏伊士运河附近建造50家工厂。中国企业的工厂早已经在非洲投入生产。
然而，没有政治的稳定也就没有经济增长的环境，非洲2063年发展规划以及第一个10年行动计划的目标也就无法实现。种族和宗教冲突、武装集团、圣战主义者和其他恐怖组织活动仍然是许多非洲国家和地区，包括布隆迪、刚果东部、南苏丹、中非共和国、尼日利亚北部、马力、利比亚、索马里等国面临的问题。当然在这些资源丰富地区的冲突因素共同导致。正如中国外长王毅所指出，中国已经准备好帮助非洲实现工业和地区和平稳定。事实上，中国已经在近期以联合国维和部队的形式增加了在非洲的维和军事行动，包括在民主刚果地区。
民主刚果是非洲自然资源最丰富的国家。一旦国内的政治重新稳定下来，外来的政治影响被消除，这个国家有成为非洲经济增长引擎的潜力。例如，刚果的英戈水利工程一经投入使用就将成为世界上最大的水电站（中国的三峡将成为第二大），并将为整个非洲供应电力。这一工程也将成为本次中非合作论坛讨论的焦点。因为每个人都明白，没有电力供应，非洲的工业化将成为空谈。在今年庆祝二战结束70周年的庆典上，习近平主席与一同参加庆典的刚果（金）总统约瑟夫·卡比拉会谈时的焦点就是这一水利工程。这一庆典纪念的内容也包括二战时与盟军一起作战的刚果老兵。中国对这一工程非常感兴趣，但面临着美国和很多欧洲国家的竞争。尤其是法国，去年10月法国还就英戈水利工程专门召集了一次峰会。世界银行和非洲发展银行也想参与其中。甚至西班牙足球豪门皇家马德里的老板也表达了要分一杯羹的想法。尽管如此，美国提出它参与此项工程的前提是刚果进行政治改革，并加强国内人权的保障。但是在所有国家中，只有中国有多达两千多年的造坝经验（三峡大坝的经验本身就是个最大的砝码），并且有大量的外汇储备（除了金砖国家开发银行，中国又发起成立了亚洲基础设施投资银行）。英戈水利工程将会耗费120亿美元，建成后发电能力将会达到40000兆瓦特（约等同于24个第三代核反应堆的发电能力）。而现在，只有15%的刚果人能用上电，而且当地人对停电也习以为常。当然这一工程的环境影响也必须考虑在内。
中国明确意识到，一个位于非洲中部的强大、团结而且繁荣的大刚果将会带来整个非洲的蜕变（刚果将会像心脏一样给整个非洲输血，带来政治、经济和文化上的巨大影响——尤其是英格水利工程。南非已经进口了一半现有的英格水电站所发出并且外送的电力——大约4800兆瓦中的2500兆瓦是输往南非）。这一工程早就应该到来了！如果刚果人民想在2030年以前把自己国家变成非洲的中国的话，他们必须团结起来反抗外国干预。
非洲必须学习中国的经验，维持一个稳定的政治环境，这样才能吸引外部投资。受中国的经验启示，非洲必须勇敢开启大刀阔斧的政治改革，以此来确保长期的可持续发展。众所周知，中国的领导层每10年才换届一次。非洲国家浪费了很多他们辛辛苦苦挣来的钱和捐赠人的钱来搞5年一次的选举，结果是每5年都要把国库资金用光，然后从零开始。非洲国家的选举应该也是每10年举行一次。一个选举出来的非洲国家元首应该有一个10年的任期，确保能够充分实现他（她）制定的国家发展规划。这一委任必须是不可延续也不可更新的。他（她）的继承人有责任保证政策的延续性，并制定新的国家发展计划。这一和平的权利交接模式已经在中国被证明是非常成功的，也值得我们深思。非洲人能否像中国66年前那样彻底改变自己贫穷落后的形象取决于他们自己！中非合作论坛既是促成这项事业一个平台也是一次机遇。
非洲各国不能再让外来投资者担心明天会不会有一场战争或者一场政变了。非洲各国政府需要做的是，外来投资者唯一畏惧的是触犯当地法律。（翻译：徐巍）
英文原文：
FOCAC heads of state and government summit South Africa 2015:Africa needs both political stability and to learn from China’s developmentexperience
By Antoine Roger Lokongo, PhD
The FOCAC heads ofstate and government summit is to be held in South Africa next month on 4-5December 2015. This will be the second FOCAC heads of state and governmentsummit, the first being in 2006 in Beijing, China. In FOCAC’s 15-year history, this willbe the first to be held on the Africa soil. ChineseForeign Minister Wang Yi went as far as describing it as “a historic summit, amilestone in the history of China-Africa solidarity and cooperation”. Therefore, FOCAC’s crystal anniversary will becelebrated in Africa. And, there is a lot to be celebrated indeed!
In fact, addressing a CEO Summitduring the recent APEC Summit held in Manila, President Xi Jinping revealedthat “in thefirst three quarters of the year 2015, the Chinese economy grew by 6.9%, contributing30 % to global economic growth. Such growth was achieved by a large economy ofover ten trillion US dollars”.
“In the past 66 years, the Chinese people havehad to overcome many hardships to accomplish great achievements and outstandingperformance you and we are witnesses. The productive forces of Chinese societyhave achieved a historic and spectacular jump, recognized all over the surfaceof the planet earth. China became the second largest economy; first commercialcargo of the world; first major manufacturing country of various products andhas the biggest Foreign exchange reserves in the world, “ as Chinese ambassadorto the Democratic Republic of Congo Wang Tongqing said in his speech during thecommemoration of the 66th anniversary celebrationof the founding of the People's Republic of China,
Needless to say that China’seconomic growth has had a “boomerang effect” on Africa. According to theSouthern Africa Research and Documentation Centre (SARDC) through its Institutefor China-Africa Studies in Southern Africa, China-Africa relations havebloomed since FOCAC emerged in the year 2000. China-Africa cooperation hasbrightened Africa’s prospects in many ways, through investments, trade anddevelopment. This has enabled the African continent to experiencesocio-economic growth at a faster rate than most other continents. In fact,Africa’s economic growth measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimated at4,5 % for 2015. Trade volumes betweenChina and Africa increased from$ 10 billion in 2000 to $ 220 billion in 2014, whileChinese investments in Africa increasedfrom $ 500 million to $ 30 billion over the sameperiod. China has also absorbed the majority of goods produced in Africa,overtaking the United States six years ago to become the largest tradingpartner of Africa. At the same time, Africa’s exported natural resources havecontributed to China’s tremendous growth. During the last decade, Chinahas granted numerous loans without interests to African countries and builtmany infrastructures on the African continent.
China is willing and ready to transferor make its technologies available to help African countries industrialize(especially the mechanization of their agricultural sector the transformationof their resources on the spot in order to create jobs and markets, tapping ontheir world’s fastest-growing labor force in the process), integrate their economies and boostinclusive regional development. In this way, China is not only helping Africansto free their mind from colonial stranglehold but also to fulfill theirpotentials (economic, political and social development). In this way, Africanscan re- enter the international community as an equal partner, proud of theirdignity, identity and cultural heritage. China-Africa cooperation is helpingAfrica to decolonize Africa’s past for Africans to re-write its own history.
Theforthcoming FOCAC heads of state and governmentsummit particularly aims to promote prosperity and development of China and Africa, to help Africa achieveher dream of industrialization and economic integration (increase connectivity), as Liu Yuxi, ChineseAmbassadortoTogo, put it. In fact, all is aimed at creating a “win-win outcome”. For asthe Chinese diplomat says, China and Africa who have experienced almost the same mishapsof history face similar development objectives including the promotionof industrialization, national modernizationand urbanization to ensure the well-beingof their respective populations (that is why FOCAC should consult all thepeople at grassroot level as well as the private sector). And each plays a moreand more capital role on the world stage.
Infact, at the global level, China and Africa have a formed “a formidablealliance” and speak with one voice whether about the reform of the UN securitycouncil or about a more balanced international relations and equal say on world affairs. That is whatmakes China-Africa friendship and trust solid. This is more than “Beijingconsensus”. It is about showing that China and Africa are capable of solvingtheir problems with or without the West.
Whilethese gains have to be celebrated and consolidated, the FOCAC summit isexpected to explore new models and approaches toward a more equitable andinclusive system that promote sustainable socio-economic development, as the Southern Africa Research and Documentation Centre (SARDC) throughits Institute for China-Africa Studies in Southern Africa put it.
Liu Yuxirightly argues that Africa needs to develop its infrastructure andmanufacturing, increase its employment opportunities but also to reinforce theadded value of products, while China has a large surplus of high-qualityproduction capacity, and she needs to turn towards Africa (interdependence).That is why the theme for the FOCAC Summit "Africa-China ProgressingTogether: Win-Win Cooperation for Common Development" is thereforeappropriate and fitting. The target areas of cooperation include economic cooperation, integration,industrialization, beneficiation, health, poverty eradication and peace and securityin Africa. China is expected to announce the cancellation of debts and tariffs for all African Least Developed Countries,renforce her judicial cooperation policy,in matters of peace and security,education and training, cultural,media and scientific cooperation.
Toelevate the Africa-China relationship to a new level, Africa has already elaborated a road map that will be the focusof the summit: The Agenda 2063 and it’s First Ten-Year Implementation Plan,which the South African Minister for International Relations and CooperationMaite Nkoana-Mashabane describes as “a driving force of Africa’s partnershipswith the rest of the world”. The Agenda 2063 and it’s First Ten-YearImplementation Plan is a continentalstrategy by the African Union that aims to optimise the use of Africa’s resourcesfor the benefit of all Africans.
Chinahas already pledged $50 billion to support industrialisation in Africa ahead ofthe FOCAC Summit as Africa's first online newspaper The Mail & Guardian reported, quoting the Vice Minister ofCommerce of China, Zhang Xiangchen In addition, the Chinese Government willalso provide 50 technical experts inbuilding and upgrading of industrial parks and new power plants, 200 000industrial managers to train and develop local industrial managers, as well as40 000 training opportunities in different sectors.
China has already establishedfactories in Ethiopia and South Africa and plans to establish 50 factories nearthe Suez Canal. Chinese companies are already manufacturing in Africa.
Yet the Agenda 2063 and its First Ten-YearImplementation Plan cannot be achieved without political stability which iscrucial for economic growth. Ethnic and religious conflicts, armed groups andJihadists and other terrorist organizations’ activities, political turmoil,etc., persist in many African countries, including Burundi, eastern Congo,South Sudan, Central African Republic, Northern Nigeria, Mali, Libya, Somaliaand so on. Of course these conflicts in resource-rich countries are driven bothby internal and external dynamics. However, China stands ready to help Africato speed up the process of industrialization as well as regional peace andstability, as Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi confirmed. In fact, China hasrecently increased its peace-keeping military operations in Africa through theUN, including in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The DRC is the richest country in Africa termsof natural resources. It has the vocation to become the economic engine ofAfrica once internal political stability is fully restored and externalinterference halted. For instance, Congo’s Grand Inga Hydropower project, iffully harnessed, it will be the biggest in the world (China’s Three Gorges damwill be second), is set to provide electricity to the whole African continent. Thisproject will indeed be at the centre of discussion in South Africa during theFOCAC Summit because everybody knows that without electricity there will be no industrialdevelopment in Africa. In fact, this project was at the centre of the talksbetween President Xi Jinping and his Congolese counterpart Joseph Kabila duringthe latter’s visit to China on September 2nd to attend the commemoration of the70th anniversary of the end of World War II and celebrate Congo Veterans whofought alongside Allied Forces during the war. China is very much interested inthis project but faces a fierce competition from the United States and manyEuropean countries, especially France which last October convened a summitspecifically on Grand Inga. The World Bank and the African Development Bankhave also entered into the dance. Even the boss of Real Madrid, a Spanishfootball team has expressed his intention to throw the hat into the ring! Nevertheless,the United States condition its involvement on political reforms and respect forhuman rights in Congo. But among all of them, only China has a 2,000-year longexperience of building such big dams (The Three Gorges Dam speaks for itself)and a lot of foreign exchange reserves (apart from the BRICS Bank, China hasjust launched the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank). The project will cost $12billions and when completed will produced 40,000 megawatts (equivalent of 24nuclear reactors of third generation). This is a long term project which alsoholds the key to Congo’s own industrialization. Currently, only 15% of theCongolese people have access to electricity and they are used to power cuts.The environmental impact of the project must also be taken into consideration.
China is well aware that the advent of a GrandCongo, strong, united and prosperous at the center of Africa, out of which willcome the salvation of Africa (Congo will be the heart that pumps bloodthroughout the rest of the continent politically, culturally and economically –take Grand Inga Dam alone . South Africa already imports half of the meagerelectricity currently produced and exported from Inga dam, that is 2,500megawatts out of 4,800 megawatts) .This is long overdue! If they want theircountry to be the "China of Africa" by 2030, Congolese people must unite,stand up against foreign interference
Africa needs to learn from China’s development experience byfostering a stable political environment, which in turn attracts investments. Inspiredby China, Africa must courageously introduce bold political reforms conduciveto long term sistainable development. As we know, China'sleadership change only after every 10 years. African countries wastea lot of their hard earned own money and donors’ money by organising electionsevery five years; and so emptying all their coffers every five years and startsaving from zero. This writer argues that elections in every African country shouldbe held only after every ten years. An elected Africa Head of State shouldserve only for a 10-year long term in office in order to fully implement his national development program.This mandate must be non-extendable and non-rebewable. His orher successor has the responsibility to ensure the continuityand to develop his or her new nationaldevelopment program . The peaceful transfer of power model after every tenyears has proven to be very successful in China. This is food for thoughts. itis up to Africans to change their image just as the Chinese did 66 years ago!FOCAC is both aplatform and an oportunity to do that!
African countries must not put investors in asituation whereby they do not know whether tomorrow there will be a war or acoup d’etat! The only fear African governments must instill in investorsùheqrts is the fear of breaking African laws!