哈萨克斯坦，已经开始实施的大规模交通设施现代化项目涵盖所有交通方式，计划于2020年前再投入400亿美元升级交通运能。
文｜努雷舍夫（Shahrat Nuryshev）哈萨克斯坦驻华大使 译者｜徐巍
2013年9月，中国国家主席习近平在访问哈萨克斯坦首都阿斯塔纳期间首次提出的建设“丝绸之路经济带”倡议及在此基础上制定出的“一带一路”战略意义深远。哈萨克斯坦是“丝绸之路经济带”沿线首个支持该倡议，同意共建的国家。
2014年11月，哈萨克斯坦总统纳扎尔巴耶夫提出了“光明大道”新经济计划。该计划同 “一带一路”构想目标高度契合。两大构想的重点都是提高运输能力、为经贸和投资合作的长期发展创造有利条件，因此将形成优势互补。
加强哈中交通运输与物流紧密合作
在哈萨克斯坦，已经开始实施的大规模交通设施现代化项目涵盖所有交通方式，计划于2020年前再投入400亿美元升级交通运能。近年来部分路段已经投入使用的“西欧—中国西部” 国际运输走廊和哈萨克斯坦—土库曼斯坦—伊朗—波斯湾铁路干线将成为“丝绸之路”运输走廊的有机组成部分。
2015年全年共有376列货运列车过境哈萨克斯坦，其中超过100列由中国连云港开出驶向中亚。该运输量刷新了铁路运力记录。哈萨克斯坦商品开始进入中国市场。2016年3月26日，国际货运班列“长安号”载着2000吨植物油由哈萨克斯坦驶向西安。
目前，中国与欧盟的贸易额约为6000亿美元，预计到2020年，双边贸易额将增长到8000亿美元。因此，中欧陆路运输的发展对中亚的发展将发生非凡意 义。我们在此找到了自身发展的机会。我们预计，哈中两国在交通运输与物流领域有更紧密的合作，这将为贸易与投资领域长期合作发展奠定坚实的基础，创造最有利的条件。
哈中经济政策对接
2015年是哈中双边关系发展成果最为丰硕的一年。正如中国国家主席习近平在2015年5月访问阿斯塔纳时所说：“中哈两国在共建丝绸之路经济带方面已经取得早期收获，中方对此高度评价。我们愿在平等互利基础上推进丝绸之路经济带建设同哈方‘光明之路’ 新经济政策的对接，实现共同发展繁荣”。
2015年9月，纳扎尔巴耶夫总统对中国进行国事访问。此访为双边关系发展、中方“一带一路”倡议与哈方 “光明之路”新经济政策的对接注入新动力。访问期间，两国元首共同签署《哈中关于全面战略伙伴关系新阶段的联合宣言》。这一举措将深化两国全面战略伙伴关系，保证基础设施和投资领域项目实施。
“光明大道”新经济计划的重点是发展基础设施。毫无疑问，投资基础设施建设项目是互惠互利的，且有助于实现经济多样化。这里所指的首先是欧亚大陆国家，尤其是哈萨克斯坦的交通运输—物流项目。比如，以阿斯塔纳为中心向全国各地区大城市辐射的公路道路网络，例如：阿斯塔纳—阿拉木图、阿斯塔纳—西哈萨克斯坦、阿拉木图—乌斯季卡缅诺戈尔斯克公路干线，大阿拉木图环城公路建设等一系列其他项目。为保证这些项目的实施，有超过1/3的资金由哈萨克斯坦合作伙伴通过国际金融机构提供。
根据《阿斯塔纳轻轨股份公司(LRT)与中国国家开发银行贷款协议》，阿斯塔纳将获得补贴用于建设轻轨交通、高速公交系统。预计我们的中国合作伙伴将在5年时间里注资6亿美元用于发展物流区和建设《霍尔果斯—东门》工业经济特区。
2014年12月，中国国家总理李克强访问哈萨克斯坦期间两国达成的一系列工业和投资领域的合作协议也是“光明大道”新经济政策和“丝绸之路经济带”对接进入实际操作阶段的有力证明。目前，52个总价值240亿美元的合作项目已进入实施阶段。
投资特惠政策
我想重点指出的是，目前在哈萨克斯坦对外资给予最惠国待遇。在所有 “丝绸之路经济带”沿线国家中，哈萨克斯坦为外国投资者创造的条件是最好的。在哈萨克斯坦还通过了《国家吸引外资计划》，不断完善国内立法、国际法律基础，扩大一揽子投资特惠政策。根据世界银行《投资者保护指数》显示，在全部186个国家中，哈萨克斯坦排在第10位。根据世界经济论坛发布的《2015～2016年全球竞争力报告》显示，哈萨克斯坦在148个国家中排第42位。2015年世界银行发布的《全球商业环境报告(Doing Business)》排名中，哈萨克斯坦排第41位。
此外，2014年6月12日，哈萨克斯坦总统纳扎尔巴耶夫签署了《哈萨克斯坦共和国关于修改和补充优化投资环境法》法案，以史无前例的力度支持外商投资。
为吸引新一波外国投资和跨国集团进驻，还通过了以下投资优惠政策：
1.对优先投资项目免征企业所得税和10年土地税、8年财产税；
2.项目投产后，国家对投资者建筑安装和设备采购实际花费给予最高30%的补贴（投资补贴）；
3.在实施优先投资项目的全程及项目投产后一年使用外籍劳务不受配额限制；
4.使用外国劳务的规定发生变化和税法提高时，将保障投资者优惠政策稳定不变，增值税和消费税除外）；
5.因办理投资许可手续和有关部委接触时，外国投资者可享受“一个窗口”服务。通过该服务，投资者可享受363种国家服务。最大程度上，简化行政审批负担；
6为了有效保护投资者的权利和合法利益，立法层面设立“投资监察员”制度。
此外，哈萨克斯坦境内设有10个经济特区，每个经济特区均有具体的行业倾向性。
同时，经济特区为投资者提供一系列优惠和简化关键程序手续的政策。完善在私人土地建设经济特区的法律调节。
此外，2015年进入《2019年前国家加快工业创新发展计划》第二阶段的实施。这为外国投资者创造诸多了机会。
《计划》确定的6大优先发展领域为：冶金综合体、石油加工综合体、食品加工业、化工业、工业生产（机械制造）及建材业。
这样一来，独一无二的优惠条件、最低的税率、投资者与国家之间稳定的关系将使哈萨克斯坦成为连接欧洲与亚洲首屈一指的工业物流港。
更多关于哈萨克斯坦共和国投资项目优先投资方向、国家政策支持的即时信息及其他关于在哈萨克斯坦从事投资活动的重要消息可以通过访问www.isc.baseinvest.kz获取。
实践证明，即使在世界能源价格下跌、经济停滞的背景下，地区一体化仍然可以为保障国家和地区经济稳定发展注入动力。在这种背景下，“丝绸之路经济带”与“光明大道”新经济政策是开创新未来的合作方向。此外，对所有国家的利益均予以考虑的情况下，“丝绸之路经济带”、上海合作组织与欧亚经济联盟的对接将成为跨国合作的最优方向，为国家间经济贸易和投资的长期发展创造更多可能。我坚信，我们播下的种子所发出的苗将为人类持续和平发展，建设更公平正义的社会奠定基础。
Inaugurating a new future of China-Kazakhstan cooperation
the integration of the “Belt and Road” initiative and the “Pathwayto the Future” economic policy
By Shahrat Nuryshev, Ambassador of Kazakhstan to China
In September 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward the“Silk Road Economic Belt” initiative for the first time during a State visit toAstana, the capital of Kazakhstan. The “Belt and Road” initiative, which wasformulated based on the “Silk Road Economic Belt” initiative, is of majorstrategic significance. Kazakhstan is the first country along the Silk RoadEconomic Belt that have voiced its support to the initiative and agreed a jointeffort to put forward it.
In November 2014, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev putforward a new economic policy called "The Pathway to the Future”. The newpolicy is highly identical to the “Belt and Road” initiative in its objectives.Both of the two policies prioritize the improvement of transport capacities,and creation of advantageous conditions that will benefit the long-termdevelopment of economy, trade and cooperation in investment. Thus the twopolicies will make their respective advantages complementary to each other.
Enhancing the close cooperation on transport and logistics betweenChina and Kazakhstan
In Kazakhstan, a program that is aiming to modernize all transportfacilities and means of transport is already underway. The program plans todevote another $40 billion before 2020 to upgrade transport functions. Some ofthe transport route sections, including an international transport corridorthat links western China with West Europe, and theKazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran-Persian Gulf Railway, has already been put intooperations. They will be an integral part to the Silk Road transport corridor.
There are a total of 376 freight trains that passed through theterritory of Kazakhstan in 2015, with more than 100 of them departing fromLianyungang of China to central Asia. It set a new record for the railtransport capacity. Commodities from Kazakhstan began to enter the Chinese market.In March 26, 2016, the international freighter train “Chang’an” left Kazakhstanfor Xi’an, Shaanxi province with a cargo of more than 2000 tons of vegetableoil.
The current trade volume between China and the European Union isabout $ 600 billion, and it is expected to rise to 800 billion by 2020. Thusthe development of the land transport routes between China and Europe will beof major significance to the development central Asia. We have found ourdevelopment opportunities in this process. We expect that there will be closecooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the transport and logistics sector,which could also provide a solid foundation and create favorable conditions forthe long-term cooperation in the trade and investment areas.
The Integretion of Economic Policies of China and Khazakhstan
The year of 2015 is the most fruitful year for the development of thebiltareral relationships between the two countries. Just as President XiJinping said during his visit to Astana in May, 2015: “China and Kazakhstanhave made some early achievement in the area of jointly putting forward the'Silk Road Economic Belt' initiative. China thinks highly of the achievementsthat has been made. We are willing to push forward the integretion between the'Silk Road Economic Belt' initiative and the ‘The Pathway to the Future’economic policy on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, to achieve jointdevelopment and prosperity.”
President Nazarbayev paid a State visit to China in September 2015.The visit has provided new impetus for the development of bilateral relationsand the integration between the “Belt and Road” initiative and the “The Pathwayto the Future” economic policy. During the visit, top leaders from the twocountries signed the Joint Declaration on New Stage of Comprehensive StrategicPartnership between the People's Republic of China and the Republic ofKazakhstan. The measures will further deepen the comprehensive strategicpartnership between the two countries and ensure the implementation of programsin infrastructure and investment areas.
The priority of the ‘The Pathway to the Future’ economic policy isto develop infrastructure. Undoubtedly, the investment into infrastructureprograms is mutually beneficial and will help diversify the economy. Theprograms we are talking about here are primarily those in the Eurasia,especially the transport and logistics programs in Kazakhstan. For example, theroad networks that spread from Astana to the major cities and areas across thecountry is one of such programs. The road networks include Astana— Almaty,Astana—West Kazakhstan, Almaty—Ust-Kamenogorsk and the ring road of greaterAlmaty and other programs. To ensure the implementation of the programs, morethan one third of the funds were provided by partners of Kazakhstan throughinternational financial organizations.
According to a loan agreement signed between Astana Light RailTransport Co Ltd and the China Development Bank, Astana will obtain subsidiesthat will be used to build light rail transport and high-speed public transportsystem. It is expected that our Chinese partners will inject a total fund of $600 million in five years to develop a logistics zone and construct a specialindustrial and economic zone in Horgos, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.
In December 2014, the two countries reached a number of cooperationagreements in the areas of industry and investment during Premier Li Keqiang’svisit to Kazakhstan, which was also a strong evidence that the integration ofthe ‘The Pathway to the Future’ economic policy and the “Belt and Roadinitiative is proceeding to the implementation stage. Currently, there are 52cooperation programs with a total investment volume of $24 billion that arebeing carried out.
Favorable policies on investment
I want to specifically stress that Kazakhstan currently provides themost-favored-nation-treatment to foreign investment. Among all the countriesalong the “Silk Road Economic Belt” initiative, Kazakhstan offers the mostfavorable policies to foreign investors. The country has also passed theNational Action Plan on Attracting Foreign Investment, as part of efforts tofurther improve the legislation at internal and international levels and tofurther expand on the favorable policies to foreign investment. The investorprotection index issued by the World Bank ranked Kazakhstan in the 10th placeamong the total 186 countries. The Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016issued by the World Economic Forum ranked Kazakhstan in the 42th place amongthe total 148 countries assessed. Doing Business 2015, a report issued by theWorld Bank, placed Kazakhstan in the 41th place.
In addition, President Nazarbayev signed an act on the amendments tothe Investment Environment Act, which provided unprecedented support to theforeign investment.
The country has also rolled out the following favorable policies toinvestment in order to attract a new round of foreign investment andinternational companies.
1. There will be a exemption on cooperate tax and 10 years of landtax and eight years of property tax for prioritized investment programs.
2. The country will provide an investment subsidy that could be ashigh as 30 percent of the actual cost for construction and installation andequipment purchase to the investors once the programs go into operation.
3. The use of foreign labor will not be restricted by the quotalimit throughout the implementation process of priority programs. The policywill also be effective one year after the program is put into operations.
4. The country will ensure the favorable policies provided toinvestors remaining stable when there are changes to the regulations on foreignlabor and improvements to taxation(value added tax and the consumption tax notincluded).
5. Foreign investors can enjoy one-stop service when they are in theprocess of applying for investment permits and dealing with governmentdepartments. The service will enable the investors to enjoy 363 kinds ofnational services, which reduce the administrative approval process to thelargest degree.
6. The country will set up a system of investment supervisor schemein order to provide effective protection to the rights and lawful interests ofinvestors.
In addition, there are 10 economic special zones in Kazakhstan, witheach special zone having their own focus on different industries.
Meanwhile, the special zones will provide the investors with astring of favorable policies and policies that simplify the key procedures.They also provide legal adjustments on the establishment on economic zones onprivate lands.
In addition, the year of 2015 marks the country entering secondstage of its national plan to speed up industrial innovation and developmentbefore 2019, which will also provides abundant opportunities for foreigninvestors.
The six areas that have been identified as priority in the nationalplan are: metallurgy complexes, petroleum refining complexes, food processing,chemical industry, machinery manufacturing and construction material industry.
The unique favorable polices, lowest tax rate, stable relationshipbetween the country and investors have made Kazakhstan a top industry logisticshub that links Europe and Asia.
For more policies on directions of priority investment inKazakhstan, national backup policies or other important news on investing inKazakhstan, please visit www.isc.baseinvest.kz.
The practice shows that regional integration can provide motivationto ensure the stable economic development of countries and regions, even in thebackground of falling world energy prices and stagnating economic growth. Thusthe “Silk Road Economic Belt” initiative and the ‘The Pathway to the Future’economic policy will provide a direction of cooperation that will opens up anew future. In addition, considering interests of all nations, the integrationbetween the “Silk Road Economic Belt” initiative, the Shanghai CooperationOrganization and the Eurasian Economic Union will be the optimal direction forinternational cooperation. It will also create more possibilities for thelong-term development of economic trade and investment between those countries.I believe the seedlings from the seeds we have sowed together will lay thefoundation for the building a more fair and just society and for the continuouspeaceful development of the human beings.