埃塞俄比亚选择发展道路时，既没有像大多数非洲国家一样，选择新自由主义发展范式；也没有完全照搬东亚发展模式，而是根据自身特点探索发展道路
文I杨云 中央党校研究生院
● “民主发展型国家”
● “埃塞模式”给非洲国家的启示
埃塞俄比亚（以下简称埃塞）曾经作为非洲大陆上最贫穷的国家之一，近十年来经济增长迅速。2016年，埃塞的经济总量超过肯尼亚，成为东非第一大经济体，埃塞的高速发展引人注目。埃塞的崛起与其所实践的“民主发展型国家”密切联系，正是在“民主发展型国家”的指导下，埃塞才取得目前的成就，因此埃塞实践的“民主发展型国家”值得我们关注和研究。
“民主发展型国家”
“民主发展型国家”，顾名思义其所指的国家既要推动发展又要兼顾民主，是发展和民主并重的国家。“民主发展型国家”的政府合法性来自于经济发展和民主程序，因此政府要制定经济发展目标，并采取积极有效的手段干预经济发展；与此同时，还要体现民主原则，确保公民参与发展和治理的过程。在“民主发展型国家”的指导下，埃塞政府积极有效的引导和干预经济发展，致力于经济的公平与可持续发展：制定和落实“以农业发展为先导的工业化发展战略”，以农促工，推动工业化发展；重视基础设施建设，对公路、铁路、电网、能源等进行大量的投资；培育私营部门的发展，通过提供税收减免和优惠贷款等激励措施来提高私营部门的竞争力。与此同时，埃塞政府重视民主政治的建设：埃塞通过宪法确立埃塞的民主政治制度，建立民主联邦制，保障各个民族的权利；定期举行选举，政府首脑、议会议员由人民选举产生，确保公民的政治参与。
埃塞政府在这十多年来积极践行“民主发展型国家”的理念，其政治、经济、社会都取得了巨大的进展。政治领域，在埃塞人民革命民主阵线（以下简称埃俄阵）的主导下，埃塞实现其复国后最长时期的稳定；与此同时，埃塞的民主政治也在不断向前发展，其中在2015年第三次全国大选中“超过90%的登记选民参加投票”，埃塞实现了稳定与民主发展并进。在经济领域，埃塞不断推进公路、铁路及网络通信等基础设施的建设，大力建设如东方工业园及华坚轻工业城等类似的工业园和产业园，展现着埃塞经济发展的蓬勃朝气。根据世界银行数据显示2004年至2016年间，埃塞多数年份GDP增长保持在10%以上，是世界经济增长最快的国家之一，见图一。随着经济发展，埃塞的减贫工作也取得了巨大的成就，其贫困状况正在以世界上最快的速度改善。根据世界银行的数据显示，埃塞生活在贫困线以下的人口百分比从2004年的38.9%降至2010年29.5%。
资料来源：笔者根据世界银行数据自制。
“埃塞模式”给非洲国家的启示
埃塞实践“民主发展型国家”以来，发展取得了瞩目的成就，其发展成功的经验值得其它非洲国家学习和借鉴。
首先，主动选择的符合自身国情的发展道路。埃塞选择发展道路时，既没有像大多数非洲国家一样，选择新自由主义发展范式；也没有完全照搬东亚发展模式，而是根据自身特点探索发展道路。
许多非洲国家在西方国家的影响下普遍选择新自由主义的发展范式，但这样的发展范式并没有给他们带来想要的稳定、民主和发展，反而使这些国家的政治、经济、社会发展陷入一片混乱。梅莱斯·泽纳维曾经提及到新自由主义范式在过去几十年破坏了非洲的经济，埃塞应该摒弃新自由主义，从务实的角度出发选择自己的发展道路。同时，埃塞领导人注意到东亚国家在上世纪六七十年代取得的巨大的发展，它们的发展模式被称为“发展型国家”，该模式认为有能力的政府在推动经济发展的过程中扮演着十分重要的角色，但该模式有一个明显的弊端就是忽视民主政治的建设，主张先发展后民主。基于多民族、政权又刚刚稳定的国情，埃塞需要一个有能力的政府来推动经济发展，但正是因为埃塞是一个多民族国家，而且经历过20世纪80年代的第三波民主化浪潮，民众普遍要求建立民主政治，保证各个民族的权利。这就要求埃塞在增强国家能力推动经济发展的同时，必须重视民主政治的建设，不能完全借鉴东亚模式。因此，埃塞选择走适合自身国情的“民主发展型国家”。
第二，拥有致力于经济发展的有能力政府。1991年之后埃塞进入了其当代史上政治最稳定，经济发展最快的时期，这一切都得益于埃塞存在一个有能力的政府。只有有能力的政府才能维持政治稳定，才能大规模地调动生产资源用于经济发展。毋庸置疑，政治稳定是经济发展的基石，如果国家动荡不安，经济发展与民生改善自然无从谈起。非洲大多数国家贫困的原因之一就是常年陷入国内冲突，根本无心于经济建设。埃俄阵执政二十多年以来，埃塞国内也曾出现不稳定的现象，但是这些问题都被埃俄阵及时解决，从而维持了政治稳定。2005年埃塞举行第三次全国大选时，反对党拒绝接受大选结果并游行示威，从而产生骚乱，这样的骚乱如果没有一个能力的政府及时出面解决，很可能会恶化升级，进而引起国内冲突。埃塞正是因为存在这样有能力的政府，才能及时地平息了危机，避免了国家陷入混乱当中，从而为“民主发展型国家”在埃塞的推进提供稳定的政治基础。与此同时，政府致力于推动经济的发展，加速“民主发展型国家”在埃塞的进程。政府积极落实“以农业化发展为先导的工业化战略”，在埃塞政府的指导和支持下，2013/2014年度农业技术推广服务覆盖的农户已达到650万户，农业现代化获得了长足的发展。此外，埃塞政府大力支持基础设施建设，在2014年，埃塞副总理德梅克提出用730亿美元进行基础设施建设，拉动经济发展。正是埃塞存在一个维持政治稳定、致力于经济发展的有能力政府，才能为“民主发展型国家”在埃塞的落实和发展建立有力的保障。
第三，积极利用中国的对外援助，培育自主发展能力。非洲大多数国家在过去几十年中都普遍接受过来自以美国为首的西方国家的对外援助，但这些国家的援助不仅不能给非洲带来发展，反而出现越援助越贫穷的现象。丹比萨·莫约认为西方国家的援助加剧了非洲的贫困程度，非洲国家更加依赖援助，从而使非洲的经济发展陷入恶性循环。中国独特的经历——从受援国转变为援助国，使得中国深知受援国的需求，即经济发展与民生改善。因此中国对外援助采用将援助与贸易、投资相结合的方式，重视经济基础设施的建设，旨在推动非洲国家的经济发展，培养非洲国家的自主发展能力。埃塞积极利用中国的对外援助与投资建立工业园区、完善基础设施建设，培养独立发展能力。埃塞驻华大使塞尤姆·梅斯芬在2016年曾提到“中国对埃塞进行援助、投资、基础设施建设，为埃塞的经贸做出了贡献。”东方工业园是埃塞利用中国外资建设工业园区之一，目前园区内有82家企业，涉及纺织服装、制鞋、汽车组装、水泥生产等行业。截止2017年七月底，园区总产值7.3亿美元，为当地解决就业上万人，对埃塞的工业化发展起到良好的推动作用。在基础设施建设领域，中国参与建设了埃塞的第一条现代化高速公路、第一条电气化铁路，加快了货物流通速度，降低运输成本，带动当地工业发展。此外，中国在埃塞建成了非洲最大的水电站——GibeⅢ水电站，使埃塞告别电力短缺的历史，为埃塞的工业化建设提供源源不断的动力。埃塞积极利用中国的对外援助，推动经济转型，加速了“民主发展型国家”在埃塞的进程。
埃塞曾经作为世界乃至非洲最贫穷的国家之一，根据自身国情自主探索“民主发展型国家”、拥有致力于经济发展的有能力政府推动“民主发展型国家”的进程、积极利用中国对外援助来加速“民主发展型国家”的实现。埃塞如今的发展程度虽然与发达国家仍有一定的差距，但它已经崛起成为东非一极，而且经济目前仍保持高速增长。埃塞的“民主发展型国家”为其它渴望稳定与发展、试图摆脱贫穷的非洲国家提供了一种发展选择。“民主发展型国家”如同中国模式、东亚模式一样，都是欠发达国家基于自身国情自主探索的发展道路，能够给国家带来稳定和发展，这是其它未能取得成功发展的非洲国家应当学习和借鉴的。（编辑：杨海霞)
英文版：
Experience of Ethiopian "Democratic Developmental State"
By Yangyun, Graduate Academy of Party School of the Central Committee of CPC
The economic growth of Ethiopia has been rapid in the past ten years. In 2016, Ethiopian economic aggregate exceeded Kenya and became the largest economy in East Africa. The rapid development of Ethiopia is noticeable. The rise of Ethiopia is closely related to the " Democratic Developmental State". Under the guidance of the "Democratic Developmental State", Ethiopia has achieved current achievements. Therefore, the " Democratic Developmental State " of Ethiopian practice deserves our attention and research.
The successful practice of the " Democratic Developmental State " of Ethiopia
The " Democratic Developmental State ", as the name implies, refers to a state that both promote development and estabilsh democracy. The government legitimacy of the " Democratic Developmental State " is derived from economic development and democratic procedures. Therefore, the government should formulate economic development targets and take effective means to intervene in economic development. At the same time, The political system should embody the principle of democracy and ensure that citizens participate in the process of development and governance. Under the guidance of the " Democratic Developmental State ", the Ethiopian government effectively guides and interferes with economic development and devotes itself to the equity and sustainable development of the economy: making and implementing the Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI) promote development of industrialization; A large amount of financial expenditure is used for infrastructure construction; Adopting incentive policies foster the development of the private sector. At the same time, the Ethiopian government attached great importance to the construction of democratic politics: Ethiopia established the democratic politics through the constitution, established a democratic federalism in order to guarantee the rights of all ethnic groups and held regular elections—the heads of government and parliamentarians were elected by the people—to ensure the political participation of the citizens .
Over the past ten years, the Ethiopian government has actively implemented " Democratic Developmental State " and made great progress in its politics, economy and society. In the political field, under the leadership of the Ethiopian Revolutionary Democratic Front,Ethiopia realized the longest period of stability in its contemporary history. At the same time, Ethiopia's democracy was developing continuously, of which more than 90% registered voters voted in the third national general election in 2015. Ethiopia has achieved stability and democracy. In the economic field, Ethiopia continues to promote the construction of infrastructure, such as highway, railway and network communications . Meanwhile Ethiopia vigorously builds industrial parks, such as the Eastern Industryrial zone , Kilinto Industrial zone and the light industrial city of Hua Jian, showing the vitality of the economic development of Ethiopia. According to World Bank data, the GDP growth of Ethiopia in most of the era remained above 10% from 2004 to 2016, as shown in Figure 1. Along with economic development, Ethiopian poverty reduction has also made great achievements, and its poverty is reducing at the fastest speed in the world. According to World Bank data, the percentage of Ethiopians who Ethiopia living below the poverty line dropped from 38.9% in 2004 to 29.5% in 2010.
The inspiration of the "Ethiopia model" to African countries
Since its practice of " Democratic Developmental State ", Ethiopia has made remarkable achievements .Its successful experience is worth learning from other African countries.
First of all,The state should actively choose the way of development that is in line with national conditions .When Ethiopia chose to the way of development, it did not choose the Neo liberalism development paradigm as most African countries, nor did it completely copy the East Asian development model, but explored the development path according to its own characteristics. Many African countries have generally chosen the development paradigm of Neo liberalism under the influence of western countries, but such a development paradigm does not bring them the desired stability, democracy and development. Instead, the political, economic and social development of these countries have fallen into a mess. Former Prime Minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi once mentioned that the Neo liberalism paradigm had destroyed Africa's economy in the past few decades, and he deemed that Ethiopia should abandon the Neo liberalism and chose its own path of development from a pragmatic point of view. Moreover, the Ethiopian leaders noted that East Asian countries had achieved the great development in the 60s and 70s of the last century. Their development model is called "Developmental State". This model believes that a competent government plays a very important role in promoting economic development, but it has an obvious disadvantage that neglect the construction of democratic politics. Based on the national conditions of multi-ethnic, Ethiopia needs a competent government to promote economic development. But because Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic state and had experienced the third wave of democratization in 1980s, people generally demand to estabish democratic politics to ensure the rights of all ethnic groups. This complex situation requires Ethiopia not only to enhance the national capacity to promote economic development, but also to attach importance to the building of democratic politics. Therefore, Ethiopia opt for a way of " Democratic Developmental State ".
Secondly, the state has a competent government which is committed to economic development. After 1991, Ethiopia entered the period of the most stable and the fastest growing in its contemporary history because of the existence of the competent government. Only a competent government can maintain political stability and mobilize productive resources on a large scale for economic development. There is no doubt that political stability is the cornerstone of economic development. If the State is turbulent, the economic development and the improvement of people's livelihood will be impossible. One of the reasons for poverty in most African States is that they often fall into domestic conflict and don’t care about economic construction.In the more than 20 years of the reign of the Ethiopian Revolutionary Democratic Front, there have been an unstable phenomenon in Ethiopia, but these problems have been solved in time by the Ethiopian Revolutionary Democratic Front. In 2005, when the third national general election was held, the opposition party refused to accept the election results and marched, resulting in chaos. The chaos would probably deteriorate and escalate without a competent government to solve the problem in time. It was the existence of such a competent government that the crisis could be subsided in time and the state avoided to fall into chaos. A competent government provides a stable political foundation for the development of " Democratic Developmental State ". At the same time, the competent government is committed to economic development and speed up the process of "dDemocratic Developmental State" in Ethiopia. The government actively implements the Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI). Under the guidance and support of the Ethiopian government, 6.5 million households had been covered by the Agricultural Technology Extension Service in 2013/2014. The agricultural modernization has made great progress. In addition, the Ethiopian government vigorously supported infrastructure construction. In 2014, Vice Premier Demeke Mekonnen proposed to use 73 billion US dollars for infrastructure construction to promote economic development. Ethiopian government has the ability to maintain political stability and strive for economic development, so as to establish a strong guarantee for the implementation and development of the " Democratic Developmental State " in Ethiopia.
Thirdly,The state should take advantage of China's foreign aid to foster the capacity of independent development. In the past few decades, most African countries have generally accepted the assistance of the western countries headed by the United States. However, the aid of these countries can not only bring development to Africa,but also form the phenomenon of the more aid and the poorer.Dambisa Moyo believes that Western aid has exacerbated poverty in Africa and African countries are more dependent on aid, which has led to a vicious circle of economic development in Africa. China's unique experience, from a recipient country to a donor country, makes China be fully aware of the needs of recipient countries —economic development and improvement of people's livelihood. Therefore, China's foreign aid adopts the way of combining aid with trade and investment and attaches great importance to the construction of economic infrastructure. It aims to promote the economic development and cultivate the capacity of independent development of African countries . Ethiopia actively uses China's foreign aid and investment to build industrial parks, improve infrastructure construction and cultivate independent development capacity.In 2016, the ambassador of Ethiopia to China, Seyoum Mesfin, mentioned "China's aid, investment and infrastructure construction contribute to the economy and trade of Ethiopia." Eastern Industrial zone is one of Ethiopia industrial zones which use China’s foreign investment to build . At present, there are 82 Enterprises in the park, including textile, shoe factories, automobile assembly plants, cement plants and other industries.By the end of July 2017, the total output value of the zone was 73 billion dollars. It has solved the employment problem of nearly ten thousands people and played an important role in promoting Ethiopia's industrial development. In the field of infrastructure construction, China has participated in the construction of the first modernized expressway and the first electrified railway, speeding up the circulation of goods,reducing the cost of transportation and promoting the development of local industry. In addition, China built the largest hydropower station in Africa, the Gibe III hydropower station, to let Ethiopia say goodbye to the history of the power shortage and provide an endless stream of power for the industrialization of Ethiopia. Ethiopia actively utilized China's foreign aid to promote economic transformation and accelerated the process of " Democratic Developmental State " in Ethiopia.
As one of the poorest countries in the world,Ethiopia has made remarkable achievements, all of which benefit from the independent exploration of the " Democratic Developmental State " according to his own national conditions,promoting the process of "Democratic Developmental State " by the competent government and the active use of China’s foreign aid to accelerate the realization of a " Democratic Developmental State ".Though there is still a gap between the development of Ethiopia and the developed countries, it has risen to the East African pole and the economy is still growing at a high speed. Ethiopia's " Democratic Developmental State " provides a development option for other African countries,which eager for stability and development and trying to shake off poverty. The " Democratic Developmental State ", like the Chinese model and the East Asian model, is the development path of independent exploration in underdeveloped countries.It can bring stability and development to the state. Other African countries which failed to achieve successful development should learn from it.