加强大学之间的交流
文 | 默罕默德·哈桑(Dr.MOHAMED HASSAN MOHAMED HAMED ) 喀土穆大学文学院中文系主任
翻译 | 王晓波
编辑 | 张梅
设计 | 姜灵枝
制作 | 黄硕存
导语：汉语与英语展开了竞争，越来越多的苏丹大学期望能成立自己的汉语系，一些基层的私立学校也开始教汉语，这对苏丹乃至整个非洲大陆来说都是独具特色的一个现象。
● 汉语学习热情高涨
●汉语教学在苏丹发展历程
●汉语推广在苏丹遇到的限制
● 为汉语在非洲和苏丹普及提出建议
中国与苏丹的关系历史悠久，早在中国明朝（1368-1644），阿拉伯人沿着海上丝绸之路来到中国。与此同时，中国古代著名的航海家郑和也驾船抵达了红海并在艾扎布港登陆。如今，中国与苏丹的关系发展得更加欣欣向荣。苏丹前总统贾法尔·尼米里执政时期，两国间的文化交流达到了高潮，中国还帮助苏丹修建了许多建筑项目，其中最著名的就是位于喀土穆的被称为友谊厅的国际会议厅，它是中国政府送给苏丹的礼物。
汉语学习热情高涨
苏丹的学生非常愿意学习汉语，因为他们知道中国现在是一个经济大国。近年来随着中非关系的日益深化，双边贸易和合作的持续增长，汉语在非洲越来越流行。
喀土穆大学是苏丹第一所成立汉语系并教授汉语和中国文化的大学。过去二十年，有许多才华横溢的来自苏丹及其他阿拉伯国家的学生在这里学成毕业。随着中国在世界上经济地位的提长，特别是在苏丹各领域的投资越来越多，两国间的贸易往来不断增加，越来越多的苏丹商人也开始前往中国寻找机会，这使得年轻学生们学习汉语的热情更加高涨。甚至一些已经从其他大学毕业的学生也希望再到喀土穆大学学习汉语，以增添自己的资历。喀土穆大学文学院的汉语系是苏丹公立大学中唯一教授汉语的地方。按照高等教育和科学研究部的规定，在汉语系学习四年后可以获得学士学位。其中有一些更优秀的学生会学习五年，毕业时获得学士荣誉学位。
苏丹学生学习汉语的一个主要目的就是找工作，当然不是在中国，而是在苏丹投资建设的中国公司；或者能到中国继续攻读研究生。
⬆喀土穆大学中文系教师办公室，中方老师和前来求教的苏丹学生
汉语教学在苏丹发展历程
喀土穆大学文学院的汉语系成立于1993年。刚成立时，每年的学生人数不超过20人，在汉语系的正式学习始于1994年。现在学生人数已经翻了三倍多。去年汉语系的学生申请人数是260人，最后录取了约80人。
成立初期，汉语系缺乏保障学习的基本硬件设施，比如会议厅、实验室和阅览室。苏丹总统在考察喀土穆大学时曾与学生们开会讨论遇到的问题。一位学生向总统请求给予汉语系一些帮助，总统马上做出了回应。中国驻苏丹使馆也对汉语系的阅览室提供了支持，而且他们还和汉语系签定合同，每年都会派一位中国教授前来授课。他们还帮助学校建了一个语言实验室。目前，学生的课外活动有限，学生们主要专注于学习中文，没有机会了解中国文化。相较于学生人数，任课老师的数量远远不够。成立两年后，汉语系仍只有一位苏丹讲师、一位兼职讲师和一名中国教师。结果他们不得不将原定的每年招生的计划改为每两年招一批学生。不过，后来情况得到了改善，又可以每年招收新生了。从2000年开始，学生人数一直在稳定增加，报名人数越来越多，系里也安排了更多的老师给学生上课。
2009年学校与中国甘肃省兰州市的西北师范大学合作设立孔子学院。当时规模很小，院长和汉语系主任合用一间办公室。直到2010年才有了属于自己的总部，他们有了自己的教学大楼，学生人数甚至超过了喀土穆大学汉语系的学生人数。开始孔子学院只为一些政府部门开设汉语课程，现在课程覆盖苏丹民众，不过孔子学院只开设短期课程，也不颁发学位证书。
现在喀土穆大学汉语系和孔子学院计划增加招生人数，因为每年期望学习汉语的学生人数越来越多。此外，许多其他大学也要求成立汉语系，比如苏丹大学、朱巴大学、科尔多凡大学和拉巴特大学。一些小型研究院也提出了类似的要求。预计到2050年，汉语将成为世界上使用人数最多的语言。中国的一些大学曾经为苏丹的研究生提供过奖学金，只要他们愿意在中国学习一年，即使之前没有学过汉语也可以申请。但现在规定已经有了改变，中国的大学开始要求他们的汉语至少要达到最低水平。
可以说在苏丹，汉语与英语展开了竞争。虽然英语仍是苏丹人选择学习的第一外语，但近年来它的地位已受到撼动。这一方面是由于阿拉伯化的政策推进，另一方面则因为英语相关课程更新的速度不够快。而随着各类中国商品交易会以及商务和居住区的增多，汉语却在加快传播的步伐，同时，二十年前喀土穆就有了一些中餐馆，不只中国人去那里吃饭，苏丹人也会去，这也增加了汉语使用的频率。
汉语推广在苏丹遇到的限制
在过去十年里，有很多因素帮助汉语学习在苏丹的快速推广，其中包括喀土穆大学汉语系和孔子学院学生们的出色表现；汉语越来越多地出现在当地传统媒体和各种社交媒体中；苏丹经常有代表团赴中国参加活动；以及中国政府提供的奖学金数量有所增加，激发了更多苏丹学生学习汉语的积极性。
在中国与苏丹双边贸易往来的过程中，人们充分体会到了汉语的实用性。在乌姆杜尔曼当地市场随便望去，到处都是来自中国的商人，他们中有汉族人、回族人和维吾尔族人，他们从事中国商品的批发或零售业务，汉字也是随处可见。在这种情况下，掌握汉语显然是非常必要的。市场上能讲汉语的苏丹人可以分成两类：一类是在校的学生和研究人员，他们为了获得学位在那里进行社会实践；另一类则是各种为了经商和从事翻译工作而学习汉语的人。
因此，越来越多的苏丹大学期望能成立自己的汉语系，一些基层的私立学校也开始教汉语，这对苏丹乃至整个非洲大陆来说都是独具特色的一个现象。不过虽然在大学教汉语的愿望很强烈，但对这一现象也需进一步研究和评估。
虽然苏丹的汉语学习从起步至今已经有二十多年了，但它仍集中在官方领域。制约其发展和进一步传播的因素有很多，主要体现在：
在苏丹的政府或私立大学里，几乎没有专门的汉语教学专业。在政府设立的大学里，教英语和法语的学校超过了一百所，可是教汉语的只有两所，还有一所私立大学，这就严重限制了申请学习汉语的学生人数。
教汉语的大学全都位于喀土穆州（苏丹中部），大量在北部、东部和西部大学学习的学生根本没有机会接触和了解汉语。
大学里能够教汉语的师资严重不足，对中国教师的依赖已经超过了70%。在这个人口超过3500万的国家，只有1位汉语博士和20位汉语硕士。教学设施极度匮乏，比如语言实验室、演出剧院、教学辅助工具，这也影响到学术气氛的营造。
教学过程中只注重语言，忽视文化。课外活动寥寥无几，无法让学生将课堂上学到的知识运用到现实生活中。媒体对于学习外语的重要性和其在增进两国人民的文化交流和商业往来中所起的作用宣传不够。对于学习中表现突出的学生相关机构不能给予一定的资助。
为汉语在非洲和苏丹普及提出建议
为了在苏丹和非洲大陆推广汉语学习，应当重点做好下面的事情：
大多数当地人在学习汉语后会进入中国在苏丹的公司从事翻译工作，翻译的工资远远高于教师的工资。因此，教师的工资、提拔和培训都应当引起重视。
对喀土穆大学汉语系要给予更多的关注，因为它每年有一定数量的汉语毕业生，能对苏丹其他大学的汉语学习起到桥梁作用。应当为汉语系及其他教授汉语的大学多提供一些实验室、阅览室和其他教学设施。
为促进汉语教学的普及，应当加大苏丹大学与中国大学间的校际交流。应当像英国、法国和德国那样，在苏丹建立一个中国文化中心。中国驻苏丹大使馆应当在预算中拔专款用于官方活动、中国国庆节和传统节日的庆祝。为汉语系的毕业生成立协会或社团。中国的大学为苏丹留学生提供更多的奖学金机会。对于学习成绩突出的学生给予资助和提升的机会。为有意愿学习汉语的学生多举办一些短期培训和讲座。在语言和文化学习领域经常组织一些比赛，提高大家的学习热情，并且在国家和社交媒体上予以报道。
⬆中国投资记者参观喀土穆大学中文系
英文版：
Strengthen the Communication between Universities
Author | By Dr. MOHAMED HASSAN MOHAMED HAMED, Director of the Chinese Department of the Faculty of Arts, University of Khartoum
Design | Jiang Lingzhi
Production | Huang Shuocun
●Chinese Language at the University of Khartoum
●Chinese language in Sudanese universities
● Future of the Chinese Language in Sudan, Africa
The Chinese-Sudanese relations are very certainly ancient. Some Arab sources trace these relations, through the Silk Road of the sea, to Ming Chinese Empire (1368-1644), and the voyages of the famous Muslim sailor zheng He, whose ships arrived at the red sea shores and landed at Eizab Port. Historical excavations have confirmed this, when some pottery pieces and a Chinese coin, dating back to this era have been found. In modern times, China has had a flourishing history with Sudan since the time of former President Jaafar Nimeiri, when cultural exchanges were at their height. Nimeiri depended on the Chinese expertise in organizing huge festivals and performances that accompanied the celebrations of his government and his party. The Chinese also carried out many government constructions. The famous international conference hall in Khartoum, known as the Friendship Hall, was built as a gift from the Chinese government to Sudan, as well as the exchange of acrobatic and gymnastics teams and the exchange of artistic and musical groups. It should be noted that Sudan and China play pentatonic scale music.
Sudanese students are willing to learn the Chinese language with great passion. This is due to the fact that China has become an economic power in the African continent in general and Sudan in particular. Chinese language has become more popular in Africa in recent years with the development of China-Africa relations, the growth of two-way trade and the continuous expansion of cooperation.
The University of Khartoum is the first Sudanese university to establish a department specialized in teaching Chinese language and culture, and has graduated many talented students, not only from Sudan, but from all Arab countries as well over the past 20 years. With the eastern winds that began to blow on the world, and with the increasing Chinese investments of various kinds in Sudan, the trade exchange between the two countries and increasing number of Sudanese merchants and businessmen to visit China, many Sudanese students want to learn Chinese and specialize in it. Even other university graduates want to learn the Chinese language to enhance their qualifications. The Department of Chinese Language, Faculty of Arts, University of Khartoum, is the only one among the various public universities spreading across the Sudan. This section, according to the regulations of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, confers a four-year bachelor's degree in Chinese language. There are also some distinguished students who graduated from the University of Khartoum with a B. A. honors degree (five years).
One of the most important objectives of the Chinese language learning by the Sudanese students is to find a job, not in China for sure, but to compete with other people to have a job in Chinese companies working in the country, or to pursue graduate studies in China.
Chinese Language at the University of Khartoum
The Department of Chinese Language at the Faculty of Arts, University of Khartoum, was established in 1993. Its students did not exceed 20 per year during the foundation period. Studying in this department actually began in 1994.Now the number has tripled, or more. Last year, 260 students applied to study in the Department of Chinese, around eighty were admitted as first year students.
During the first years, the department lacked the fundamentals of studying such as halls, laboratories and a library. The students suffered from this. The Sudanese President visited the University of Khartoum and had a meeting with the students to discuss their problems. One student appealed to the President to provide studying aids for the Department of Chinese Language. There was an immediate response from the Presidency of the Republic, and the Embassy of the Republic of China in Sudan to support the department with a library and they signed an annually renewable contract with a Chinese professor. They also provided a language lab,(At that time, lectures were recorded on audio-cassettes and students listened to them later).Outside classroom activities were very limited. Focus was on teaching the basics of Chinese language, in other words there were no lectures on Chinese culture. The office hours for the lecturers were insufficient compared to the students’ number. Things had to be evaluated and corrected from one year to the next. Two years after the first batch was taken, the Chinese Department had only one Sudanese lecturer, apart-time lecturer and a Chinese one. So, the department started not to admit first year students yearly, instead, students were admitted every two years. Then, things went well in the department, and new students were admitted each year. In the beginning of 2000, the number of students increased steadily, and more students joined the department. Therefore, the department appointed Sudanese lecturers to teach students.
The university started the Confucius Institute in collaboration with the Northwest University for teachers in Gansu Province, Lanzhou City. The institute only offered Chinese language courses in different state institutions. The institute did not have a headquarters until 2010. There was one office shared by the Chinese language head department and the national director of the institute. Then the new buildings of the Confucius Institute were opened later, and the number of students equaled that of the students in the Department of Chinese Language or more, but the institute offers short courses in Chinese language, without the award of an accredited certificate.
Now the Department of Chinese Language and Confucius Institute have plans to increase admission opportunities to accommodate more students, whose number is growing annually. There are also many universities requesting for the establishment of Chinese language departments; such as the University of Sudan, Juba University, Kordofan University and Rabat University College. Besides, other small institutes requested the same. The Chinese language is expected to take the lead in 2050, and is now being studied in 10 US universities. Chinese universities also used to offer grants to Sudanese graduate students without requiring them to master the Chinese language on the basis that they would study it in China for one calendar year. However, the situation has changed now, and Chinese universities require a minimum level of proficiency in Chinese. It is worth mentioning that a limited number of universities in China teach in English.
It is possible to say that the Chinese language is now looking to compete with English, the first foreign language in Sudan, whose position has greatly deteriorated in recent years due to the policy of Arabicization and the weakness in the new curriculum. The Chinese are also increasingly spreading, participating in various trade fairs and working in modern constructions in commercial and residential areas. There are also a number of Chinese restaurants in Khartoum built in two decades, frequented only by the Chinese and a few Sudanese.
Chinese language in Sudanese universities
There are many factors that have helped to have a quality grip on learning the Chinese language in Sudan over the last ten years, including the academic distinction and scientific excellence of the students of the Department of Chinese Language of University of Khartoum and the Confucius Institute and witnessed by the local media and the various media and social media activities that are held from time to time and the Chinese language is a major parts, The Sudanese delegations participating activities in China, and the increasing number of Chinese government scholarship has made a qualitative academic interest in learning the Chinese language, we find graduates of theoretical and practical colleges who after graduation decide to study the language.
The popular interest is seen in the practical aspect of the practice of bilateral trade between China and Sudan. A quick look at the local market in Omdurman. Chinese writings in various Chinese fonts, Chinese traders from many Chinese nationalities, Han nationality, Hui nationality, Uighur nationality, Chinese goods at the Wholesale and Sector. It was necessary to learn the Chinese language; Chinese students can be divided into two categories: the first is university students and academic researchers to increase their scientific achievements and obtain degrees from Chinese universities; the second is a variety of people who wish to learn Chinese Language for the purpose of business or translation.
Thus, many Sudanese universities have sought to establish Chinese language departments. Some private schools at the grassroots level have started to teach Chinese, which is a unique experience to Sudan and the African continent.
Although there is a definite desire to teach Chinese in universities, it still requires study, evaluation.
Constraints of Chinese Language Spread in Sudan
Despite the lapse of twenty years or more of the beginning of the Chinese language learning in the Sudan, its function is still limited on the official domain. There are many constraints impeding the progress and dissemination of the language in the Sudan; for example, but not limited to:
Non-existence of specialized departments of teaching the Chinese language in the Sudanese govemment and private universities and colleges. While there are over one hundred universities and colleges that teach English and French languages, they are only two government universities and one private college that teach Chinese language. This adversely affects the number of students applying for learning this language, hence be oriented on the Chinese culture.
The universities and colleges that teach the Chinese language are exclusively in Khartoum State (Central Sudan) and the students of a great number of universities in North, East and West Sudan have no access or knowledge about the Chinese language.
There is a very limited number of language teaching staff even in the universities and colleges with specialized units of teaching the Chinese language. Reliance on national Chinese teachers exceeds 70%, nevertheless, the big number of the Chinese language graduates. Regrettably, there is only one PhD. and 20 M, Sc holders operating in the field of teaching the language in a country of a population of over thirty five million.
Shortage of language teaching facilities such as labs, theaters, teaching aids, besides the lack of an appropriate academic environment.
Language teaching process focuses the mere language side without due attention to the cultural side.
Limited or non-existent outdoor activities that that may facilitate and motivate interaction and exchange of knowledge that would accelerate the learning of the language.
The poor role of the media in enhancing awareness on significance of learning foreign languages and their role in bolstering cultural, social and commercial exchanges between peoples.
The poor function of the competent parties in sponsoring the talented and distinct youth.
The poor support provided by the Chinese companies operating in the Sudan, for the progress of the Chinese language learning.
Future of the Chinese Language in Sudan, Africa
Emphasis should be on the following for the sake of encouvaging the spread of the Chinese language learning in the Sudan and in the African Continent in general as the natural and social environments in both are similar.
Language teachers segment: most of the Chinese language mostly joins the Chinese companies as translators, where the salary of a translator exceeds that of the teacher by many folds. Therefore, the segment of teachers should be assigned more concern in terms of pay, upgrading and training.
More focus should be given to the Chinese Language Department at the University of Khartoum, as it’s the bridge for the learning of the language in the other Sudanese universities, due to the considerable number of its annual graduates. This department and other colleges the teaching the language should be provided with labs, libraries,educational means and the like.Expansion of the inter-universities harmonization between the Sudanese and Chinese universities for facilitating the spread of the language.
Establishing of a cultural center similar to the British, French and German centers.
Allocation of a budget at the Chinese Embassy for funding the celebration of the official occasions, national day and the Chinese cultural festivalsFormation of associations and societies of the language graduates.
Increase the opportunities of scholarships provided by the Chinese Scholarships Council and universities Sponsorship and upgrading of the distinct language students Increase of short-term sessions and symposiums for the language students.
Encouragement of contests in the field of language perfection and other cultural fields and posting them on the national and social media.
