新丝路上的欧洲铁路货运枢纽

汉堡港是中欧贸易重要的枢纽。仅2020年，在这座德国第一大港就有240万标准箱（TEU）货物与中国业务有关。这意味着在汉堡港处理的每三个集装箱中就有一个直接来自或运往中国。总共有15条海运线路连接着汉堡与中国所有重要的港口。

改扩建港口设施，扩大汉堡港优势

汉堡港最主要的优势之一就是其连接整个欧洲路网高度发达的海铁联运网络，这是欧洲任何其他港口无法比拟的。因此，汉堡港不仅是中国与德国的货运枢纽，也在中国到奥地利、波兰、捷克、俄罗斯、匈牙利、斯洛伐克和瑞士的货物运输中起着重要的中转站作用。

去年，汉堡港务局（HPA）以及汉堡港多家运营企业都进行扩建和升级港口基础设施、运用最新的技术装备码头设施。例如汉堡港的码头运营商汉堡港口与物流股份公司（HHLA）和欧门集团（EUROGATE）为提高瓦尔特斯霍夫码头的吞吐量（Waltershofer）各自装备了新的集装箱桥吊。汉堡港的各个集装箱码头为大型集装箱船的到港做好了充分的准备，如今，这些大型船只驶入汉堡港已经非常方便，因为对汉堡港有着重要意义的易北河航道改建工程在今年2月已经完工。由汉堡港务局和德国联邦水路与航运管理局共同改建的双向通航通道现可以释放其最大长度和宽度投入使用。威德尔（Wedel）和白沙堤（Blankenese）之间的河道拓宽达385米。从现在开始，按导航出入汉堡港交汇行驶的船只宽度从原来的90米增加到了双向104米。

汉堡港有关机构和相关企业都持续致力于物理运输链的数字化。数字运输流程确保了海运与腹地交通的连接畅通无阻。这也使得所有的港口参与方获益，无论是码头运营商还是铁路运营方。流程自动化同时也确保了更高的效率，例如在码头调配自动导航的车辆。智能交通导航线路不仅确保了公路与铁路上的流通流量，也使得易北河上的航运交通更高效。

与此同时，德国境内38%的铁路集装箱货运是以汉堡港作为终点或起点的。德国铁路运营商德铁路网（DB

Netz）将北德地区作为最重要的投资地区并将不间断地为该地区的路网设施做基础运维和自动化升级。汉堡港作为德国最大的海铁联运港不仅仅与德铁紧密连接、更与欧铁以及俄罗斯铁路网络相连。

⬆ 汉堡港口与物流股份公司旗下的CTB集装箱码头（图片来源：汉堡港口与物流股份公司  HHLA 摄影师：Raetzke）

构建通往欧洲的铁路货运网

2020年，汉堡港的海铁联运量成果稳定。其中铁路货运量为4660万吨、260万标准箱（TEU）。从装载量来说，2020年铁路货运量在汉堡港的历史上排在第三位；从集装箱箱数来说，排在第二的历史高位。在海铁联运交通方面，铁路货运占比为50.7%，同比增长了1.3%。

每天有约200辆货运班列，超过5500节车厢在汉堡港铁路货运站快速而高效地运输和装卸。超过160家铁路货运公司的货物在汉堡港流转，构建起通往整个欧洲的铁路货物装载、接驳和整车连接的高密度运输网络：汉堡港每周抵达或发车的货运列车有2000多趟，其中230班可预订的货运班列往来于中国。长春、长沙、成都、重庆、大连、赣州、哈尔滨、合肥、济南、沈阳、深圳、石龙、苏州、威海、武汉、厦门、西安、烟台、义乌和郑州通过海上丝绸之路与汉堡相连。2020年11月和2021年4月新建起了汉堡与徐州以及石家庄两条铁路货运线路。仅2020年，汉堡与中国的跨洲铁路货运量增长了7%。总吞吐量达10.7万标准箱（TEU）。同时，每周有多大40多列货源列车往返于中国各省市与这座欧洲最大的海铁联运港。新丝绸之路是除海运服务以外中德之间国际供应链的一个重要通道。推出的国际货运班列服务受到了热烈的欢迎，展现了积极的发展信号。

在汉堡有四个铁路货运站转运中欧班列上的货物，他们分别是汉堡-Billwerder DUSS货运站、HHLA CTA码头旗下的Kombi-Transeuropa铁路货运站、Eurokombi铁路货运站和C.Steinweg铁路货运站。

关于铁路线路最新的概况，您可以在hafen-hamburg.de官网上查询. 该网站由汉堡港营销协会运营并免费提供线上数据库信息：https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/de/intermodal.

⬆ 汉堡港Eurogate集团旗下Eorukombi码头货运站（图片来源：汉堡港口营销协会HHM  摄影师：Oehlers）

灵活应对多重挑战

汉堡港铁路是集装箱船停靠码头后连接欧洲铁路网络的快速通道。无论是对来自或将销往欧洲的货物皆是如此，港口铁路货运站为所有经由汉堡港转运货物的铁路货运公司提供必须的基础设施服务。在过去的几年中，汉堡港签署了重要的战略性扩建项目协议，为对汉堡港意义重大的陆上货物交通奠定了基础。 

尽管从体量上看，汉堡港的铁路货物运输量落后于海运货物总量，但是它对促进中国、德国与欧洲国家之间的经济关系和贸易发挥了绝对重要的作用，并且保持着良好的发展趋势。更多的货运班列和海运船只将汉堡港作为目的地或出发港。各大国际机构发布的经济发展预测数据显示，德国与中国贸易往来具有积极的发展态势。

许多在汉堡落户的大型物流企业如超捷远东（Dachser）、德迅国际（Kühne+Nagel）或海尔曼（Hellmann）等企业在疫情前就已经深度介入新丝绸之路上的铁路运输线路。早在2008年，第一列来自中国南昌向塘的测试列车就抵达了汉堡港。由于疫情期间空运航班线路取消和工作人员减少，对汉堡港的铁路货运班列的需求持续增长。2020年4月，当时正值疫情期间，第一列来自济南的国际货运班列驶入了DUSS汉堡-比尔维尔德Billwerder铁路货运站。在疫情期间，我们通过铁路货运班列可以迅速地将救助物资运往汉堡。凭借其优越的欧洲腹地交通，汉堡港的水路和铁路运输为向市民提供救援物资和超市货架上的各类所需物品做出了自己的贡献。汉堡港营销协会在中国的朋友们和伙伴们的捐赠使得汉堡港各个部门在去年防疫物资紧缺的情况下戴上了口罩。(https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/news/atemschutzmasken-fuer-hamburg-und-den-hamburger-hafen—36821)
 
作为德国最大的综合性多功能港口，汉堡港的港口与铁路运营秩序在疫情期间并为受到扰乱，按计划有条不紊地正常运行。作为欧洲最大的海铁联运港和德国第三大陆港，作为欧洲最大的海铁联运港和德国第三大内河港口，汉堡港对于德国的民生和经济都有重要的意义。在疫情爆发初期，汉堡港各机构、协会和企业同心协力面对挑战，确保了港口每周7天，每天24小时不间断的运营。除了新冠疫情本身的影响，船舶仍然有2周的到港延期。实际上，从年初至今几乎没有一艘海运货船是准时抵达汉堡港的。船期的延误不只是新冠疫情相关后果造成的，其他的影响因素包括进入冬季以来长达数月的不利天气情况以及英国脱欧，苏伊士运河的受阻使局势更加严峻。尽管如此，汉堡港各码头运营商针对当前情况调整运行方案，做到了面对突发变化灵活应对。

在受到新冠疫情导致旅行限制的情况下，汉堡港可以通过其在上海与香港的代表处参加中国的各类有关活动和展会，（比如进博会CIIE

https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/news/ciie-shanghai-erfolgreiche-messe-trotz-corona—37011,
物博会CILF, 亚洲货运及供应链大奖Asian Freight, Logistics and Supply Chain Award 2020

https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/news/asian-freight-logistics-and-supply-chain-award-2020-hafen-hamburg-erneut-als-best-seaport-europe-ausgezeichnet—37003)。此外，汉堡驻中国联络处每周都会通过旗下微信公众号“汉堡联络处”和微博官方账号“德国汉堡市”发布有关汉堡港作为新丝绸之路上对于中欧国际货运班列重要节点和枢纽站的相关信息。

汉堡港不仅是德国最大的海运港口，还是欧洲最大的海铁联运港。汉堡港作为物流枢纽拥有一流的运输网络，对于与中国的铁路连接线也起着积极的作用。我们确信，国际货运班列未来充满增长潜力。汉堡港及其物流企业都已做好准备，期待与来自中国的伙伴加深合作。

 编辑 | 张梅

设计 | 大米

The
Port of Hamburg is one of Europe’s biggest hubs for trade with China.
In 2020 alone, more than 2.4 million standard containers (TEU) were
handled in Germany's largest seaport with China. Nearly one-third of all
containers passing through Germany’s largest seaport have China as
their destination or origin. A total of 15 liner services connect
Hamburg with all major Chinese ports.

One
of its main strengths is the port’s connection to the European railway
network as no other port in Europe offers a similar, extensive coverage.
The Port of Hamburg is the central hub for China traffic not only for
Germany, but also for Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Russia,
Hungary, Slovakia and Switzerland.

Both
the Hamburg Port Authority (HPA) and the companies in the port used the
last year to further expand and modernise the infrastructure and equip
handling facilities with the latest technology. The major terminal
operators Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AG (HHLA) and EUROGATE invested
in additional container gantry cranes for the handling facilities at
Waltershofer Hafen. The container terminals in Hamburg are thus fully
equipped to handle ultra large container ships, which can now also reach
the port more easily. The fairway adjustment was completed in February
this year. The passing  box, built jointly by the HPA and the Federal
Waterways and Shipping Administration, can now be used over its full
length and width. The Elbe fairway has been widened to 385 metres along
the eight kilometres between Wedel and Blankenese. As of today, seagoing
ships with a combined width of 104 metres – instead of the former 90
metres – will safely be able to pass each other.

⬆ Duss-Billwerder（Photo by Johanning)

All
parties in and around the Port of Hamburg are constantly working on
digitalising the physical transport chains. Digital transport processes
ensure a much smoother connection between sea and hinterland traffic.
This benefits all players in the port – from the terminal operator to
railway undertakings. Process automation also ensures even greater
efficiency, i.e. by deploying Automated Guided Vehicles at the
terminals. Intelligent traffic routing ensures a more efficient traffic
flow not only on the roads and railways, but also on the Elbe.

The
Port of Hamburg is the source or destination for approximately 38
percent of national rail freight traffic. For the German railway
infrastructure operator DB Netz, northern Germany is the most important
investment area and work is continuously being carried out to repair and
modernise the surrounding infrastructure. Germany's largest railway
port is thus not only optimally connected to the national rail network,
but also to the European and Russian networks. 

In
2020 Hamburg’s seaport-hinterland transport by rail accounted for a
volume of 46.6 million tons and 2.6 million TEU, remaining fairly
stable. The 4.4 percent decrease in containers transported by rail was
considerably smaller than the drop in container throughput as a whole.
In terms of volume, 2020 was the third-best year, and in terms of the
number of containers carried it was the second-best year in the history
of the Hamburg Port Railway. The railway was even able to increase its
share of the modal split in seaport-hinterland traffic by 1.3 percent to
50.7 percent.

On
the tracks of the Hamburg Port Railway, approximately 200  freight
trains and 5,500 wagons are handled rapidly and efficiently every day.
There are now more than 160 rail operators using these tracks, with a
dense network of wagon load traffic as well as shuttle and block train
connections throughout Europe. Every week, there are nearly 2,000
connections to and from Hamburg – just over 230 of them per week with
China. The cities Changchun, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian,
Ganzhou, Harbin, Hefei, Jinan, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Shilong, Suzhou,
Weihai, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Yantai, Yiwu and Zhengzhou are linked to
Hamburg by regular train services via the New Silk Road. In November
2020 and April 2021, two more connections between Hamburg and Xuzhou and
Shijiazhuang respectively were added. Throughput on intercontinental
rail traffic between Hamburg and China alone increased by at least seven
percent in 2020, bringing the total volume to 107,000 TEU. Up to 40
trains per week are meanwhile running between various provinces in China
and Europe’s largest rail port. The New Silk Road is an important
addition to seaborne services on the global supply chain between China
and Germany. Positive developments show that there is a warm welcome
being given to the services being offered.

⬆ HPA（photo by Andreas_Schmidt）

In
Hamburg, there are in total four terminals that handle rail cargo via
the New Silk Road: DUSS Terminal Hamburg-Billwerder, Kombi-Transeuropa
Terminal Hamburg at HHLA Container Terminal Altenwerder, Eurokombi and
C.Steinweg.

An
updated overview of the connections is available at hafen-hamburg.de.
Port of Hamburg Marketing as the publisher provides a free online
database at https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/de/intermodal.

The
Hamburg Port Railway is the link between the cargo terminals and the
European rail network. Whether the goods are transported from the port
to the four corners of the world or vice versa, the Port Railway
provides the necessary infrastructure for every rail transport company
that wants to access the Port of Hamburg. In recent years, important
strategic expansion projects have been completed that are significant
for the entanglement of transport in the Port of Hamburg. 

Although
rail freight transport still lags behind its maritime counterpart in
terms of the volume of goods transported, it "definitely plays an
important role" in boosting economic relations and trade between China,
Germany and other European countries. The signs are good. More trains
and ships have the Port of Hamburg as their destination or starting
point. The economic forecast, especially for German-Chinese business
relations, is very good, as you hear from many institutions.

Many large logistics companies based in Hamburg, such as Dachser,

Kühne+Nagel
or Hellmann, were already making intensive use of the transport routes
of the new Silk Road before the COVID-19 pandemic. The first test train
from Xiangtang reached the Port of Hamburg as early as 2008. Due to the
suspended scheduled connections and the limited capacities in air
freight during the pandemic, the demand for train connections also
increased in the Port of Hamburg. The first train from Jinan, for
example, arrived at the DUSS Hamburg-Billwerder rail terminal in April
2020 in the midst of the pandemic. We were able to get medical supplies
to Hamburg very quickly during the crisis via the train connections.
Thanks to the excellent connections to the European hinterland, Hamburg
can play a valuable part in supplying the population with relief goods
and keeping the shelves in the supermarkets full, both by waterway and
by rail. "Thanks to donations from our friends and partners in China,
HHM was able to supply several businesses in the Port of Hamburg with
respirators when there were capacity constraints in Germany in 2020
(https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/news/face-masks-for-hamburg-and-the-port-of-hamburg—36821)." 

⬆ HPA_Hafenbahn_Control Tower（photo by Andreas_Schmidt）

Port
and rail operations at Germany's largest multipurpose port were able to
continue as planned without disruption during the pandemic. As Europe's
largest railway port and Germany's third largest inland port, Hamburg
is of very great importance for supplying the population and the economy
in Germany. At the beginning of the pandemic all parties in the Hamburg
port successfully rose to the challenge to keep the port running
without interruptions for 24/7. In addition to COVID-19, ship delays of
two weeks are still ongoing. Hardly any ships have reached the Port of
Hamburg on time since the beginning of the year. The delayed arrival of
ships is not only due to the global pandemic and its consequences, but
also due to other factors as unfavourable weather situations during the
winter months and Brexit. The Suez blockade then exacerbated the
situation. However, the major terminal operators in Hamburg have
adjusted their operations to the situation and are able to react
flexible to sudden changes. 

The
Port of Hamburg leads all ports in rail transport. Naturally, its
excellent position as a transport hub also contributes to all rail
connections with China. We see that there is further potential for
growth. Hamburg and its logistics companies are in any case prepared to
further intensify cooperation with partners and friends from China.

Thanks
to the representative offices of the Port of Hamburg in Shanghai and
Hong Kong, it was also possible to participate in important events and
trade fairs in China despite the Corona-related travel restrictions
(e.g. CIIE
https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/news/ciie-successful-trade-fair-despite-corona—37011,
CILF, Asian Freight, Logistics and Supply Chain Award 2020
https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/news/asian-freight-logistics-and-supply-chain-award-2020-the-port-of-hamburg-again-honored-as-best-seaport-europe—37003).
In addition, the Hamburg Liaison Office informs every week on their
social media（WeChat: Hamburg-Ahoi and Weibo:hamburggermany）about the
Port of Hamburg as an important hub for China-Europe Railway Express.

Editor | Zhang Mei

Design | Demi