The China–Tanzania Friendship as Brilliant as Tanzanite—— in Honor of the 60th Anniversary of the Independence of Tanzania Mainland and the 57th Anniversary of the Diplomatic Relations 像宝石一样璀璨的中坦友谊——写在坦桑尼亚大陆独立60周年暨中坦建交57周年之际
By H.E. Mbelwa Brighton Kairuki
Ambassador of the United Republic of Tanzania to China
The Ever Flourishing Relationship between China and Tanzania
On 9th December 2021, Tanzania celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Independence of Tanzania Mainland (formerly known as Tanganyika). It is also the year when China and Tanzania celebrated the 57th anniversary of diplomatic relations. The ever flourishing relationship between the two countries dates back to generations of the founders of the two nations, namely Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere and Abeid Amani Karume of the United Republic of Tanzania and Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai of the People’s Republic of China.
This friendship has solidified and withstood several economic tremors that have faced and continue to face the world in general and the two countries in particular. Despite the changes in global economic landscape, China has remained a steadfast and dependable friend and development partner to Tanzania and the Tanzanian people, thanks to the continued exemplary leadership of Their Excellencies President Xi-Jinping of China and President Samia Suluhu Hassan of Tanzania.
Over the years, China has contributed substantially towards the attainment of Tanzania’s economic and development goals. For instance from 1969 to 1974, China built the Tanzania-Zambia Railway, famously known by its acronym TAZARA. Around the same time, China built many factories in Tanzania, including the Tanzania – China Textile Friendship Mill, famously known as URAFIKI (friendship), which at the time of its launching, was the largest fully-integrated textile mill in East Africa.
Today, the Chinese investment footprint remains visible and growing in Tanzania and Africa at large. In Tanzania, it encompasses many sectors, such as agriculture, fisheries, industries, infrastructure development and others. With over 700 projects, employing over 87,000 locals and valued at almost USD 7 billion, China is currently the leading investor in Tanzania.
But the footprint is not limited to trade and investment. Tanzania has been benefiting from Chinese grants, concessional and commercial loans as well as technology and expertise. These facilities have enabled Tanzania to construct important infrastructure, such as the National ICT Broadband network, the Dar es Salaam – Mtwara Gas Pipeline, the new University of Dar es Salaam Library, Kagera Vocational College and many other projects.
China is promoting the Belt and Road Initiative, which seeks to enable partners such as Tanzania to overcome economic and development challenges, through better policy coordination, connectivity, trade and investment, financial integration and promotion of people-to-people relations, which Tanzania and China have been doing most effectively, since the establishment of bilateral relations in 1964.
After being cautioned about Chinese intentions in relation with Africa and Tanzania in particular, Mwalimu Nyerere responded: “…we shall see for ourselves what are China’s intentions towards us. We shall not be told by others.” After more than 55 years of friendship and cooperation with China, Tanzania is more than certain about China’s intentions towards Tanzania and other developing countries. In the words of President Xi, China wishes to “to build a community with a shared future.”
Tanzania stands ready as always to work with the Government and people of China to build a shared prosperous future for all our peoples.
⬆ Panorama of Dar es Salaam
Investment opportunities in the Gemstone Mining Sector of Tanzania
In the spirit of this friendship and partnership, in the milieu of the implementation of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as well as the outcome of the 8th Ministerial Meeting of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) that was recently held in Dakar Senegal, the Embassy of Tanzania promoted Tanzania Gemstone Industry at the 1st International Gemstones and Diamond Trade Summit in Macau on 10 December, 2021. The goal is to promote and attract investment in gemstone mining sector in Tanzania.
The Chinese investors are welcome to explore investment opportunities in the mining sector in Tanzania, including extraction, beneficiation and other value added activities of metallic minerals such as gold, silver, iron, copper, platinum, nickel, tin, lead and manganese; industrial minerals such as graphite, kaolin, phosphate, lime, gypsum, diatomite, bentonite and vermiculite; gemstones such as Tanzanite, diamonds, ruby, garnet, sapphire, tourmaline and alexandrite; and energy minerals such as coal and uranium.
Investment is also welcome in the provision of mining services, equipment and materials to large scale as well as small and medium scale miners. Opportunities for partnerships and collaborations with the public and private enterprises and individuals in Tanzania are also available.
The prospective investors stand to benefit from fiscal and non-fiscal incentives in the mining sector. They are also assured of a safe and secure environment to pursue their investment in a peaceful and tranquil environment, in a country that is a leading investment destination in Africa.
⬆ Blue Tanzanite Rough Stone
The Gems and Jewelry Industry of Tanzania
Tanzania is endowed with quality gemstones found in various geological settings including spinel, amethyst, aquamarine, emerald, garnet, ruby, tourmaline and sapphire among others. Tanzania host the economically important and unique Mirerani Tanzanite gem deposit. Tanzanite is one of the rare precious gemstones that is found only in Tanzania. Due to its peculiarity and importance, the Government of Tanzania decided to declare Mirerani as a Mining-Controlled Area so as to combat mineral smuggling.
Following the mining reforms and political will showed by the 5th phase Government, the Control Wall with a perimeter of 24.5 km, surrounding the Mirerani mining area was constructed. Following this initiative, there has been an incredible increase in Tanzanite production compared to the years before.
Tanzanite production from Small-Scale and Medium-Scale mines (covering the periods of 2015/16 – 2020/21) increased from 156.15 kg (2016/17), 464.45 kg (2017/18) to 1,964.75 kg (2018/19), 4,642.49 kg (2019/20) and 8,962.24 kg (2020/21). Note that the production reported in 2015/16 includes production from both Tanzanite One Mining Limited (the major producing mine in Block C has not been operating since 2017) and Small-Scale miners.
On the other hand, Tanzania has been a significant natural rough diamond producer for several decades, with the bulk of production coming from the Williamson Diamond Limited (WDL) Mine at Mwadui (large scale producer), El-Hillal Minerals Limited (medium scale producer) and other small-scale producers. Over 300 kimberlites are known in Tanzania of which, 20% are diamondiferous.
WDL is famous for its production of exclusive pink diamonds of which among others a 23.16 carats pink produced in 2015; 32.33 carats pink produced in 2016, 19.36 carats pink produced in 2018, and and 21.18 carats pinks produced in 2019.
In formalizing the mining sector, Tanzania has succeeded in establishing Mineral Markets in various regions within the country. With this experience Tanzania has been able to put in place a very good network of value chain system that oversees the interests of the seller, buyer and Government.
The Gemstone and Jewelry Market Size of Tanzania
The study by Robert Grafen (November, 2015) shows that the remaining Tanzanite resources within Block C are between 1,759,102 tons and 1,469,743 tons with total carats contained between 72,752,292 and 87,103,683. Therefore, Robert estimated the lifetime of the mine to be 27 years by considering the mining rate of 54,000 tons per annum. In his remarks, he concluded that tanzanite resource at Block C is estimated to be 2/3 of total resource at Mirerani. Therefore, the approximate resource of tanzanite in other remained Blocks is 1/3.
Tanzanite with the reputation of being the most beautiful stone discovered in the last 2000 years and with more affordable option, has investment potential due to the following facts:
(a) It is a pleochroic gemstone, meaning that it can display different colours when viewed at different angles, the blue and violet. Vivid Intense blue is the best and most valuable tanzanite colour;
(b) It’s rare because is found in only one region of Tanzania and is about 1000 times rarer than diamonds! The natural stores of tanzanite are depleting and are estimated to run out in the next few decades. This is why the stone is called a ‘geological phenomenon’ as the chances of another tanzanite mine being found are roughly 1 million to 1. Numerous sellers of tanzanite use the fact that tanzanite is only found in one small area to promote the material’s rarity;
(c) It is also suggested that the value of tanzanite will skyrocket when the known deposits are mined out. That might occur initially. No one knows for sure.
China Diamond and Gemstone Exchange (Macau)
China Diamond and Gemstone Exchange (Macau) is willing to provide the one stop service for the mining companies, gemstones traders and jewellers from Tanzania. China Diamond and Gemstone Exchange Macau is willing to share its own resource to work with Embassy as the exclusive service provider for the dealers from Tanzania. Our embassy in China is also willing to facilitate this process.
Tanzanian gemstones dealers are interested in finding direct markets for both rough and polished goods. Potential buyers are welcome to be linked with dealers through the China Diamond and Gemstone Exchange and visit Tanzania’s mineral markets where they can easily link with dealers who don’t have yet access to the Chinese market. On the other hand, gemstones producers are interested to be linked with the investors who are willing to invest in partnerships in various areas of potential gemstones production. The investments could directly be in mining operations, exports of gemstones or equipment supply.
The Control of the Production and Marketing of Tanzanite Jewelries
Under the special diplomatic relationship between two countries, the exchange will provide exclusive promotion and auction opportunities to Tanzania under the guidance of the Embassy to target the correct markets. Tanzania needs exclusive promotion of Tanzanite in the Chinese market. One of the major factors in the marketing of jewelry products such as Tanzanite Jewelries is how the control of the production and marketing of these gemstones is carried out to the end consumer. Another criterion used is to encourage the purchase of gemstones such as Tanzanite and convince the consumers that the money they spend, contributes to improving the lives of other people apart from the prestige they get.
Strategies that Tanzania thinks might have significance in the promotion and auction opportunities are:
(a) To fully control the production and sales of Tanzanite (traceability) using the Certificate of Origin for Tanzanite;
(b) Ensuring that Tanzanite mining is carried out in accordance with ethical mining values such as safety, environmental protection, compliance with mining laws and regulations and restricting the employment of minors under the age of 18 years;
(c) Ensuring that Tanzanite minerals are exported from Tanzania and purchased by the end consumer, with value added in international standards; and
(d) Ensuring that international buyers or consumers end up buying Tanzanite directly from dealers and producers from Tanzania
Editor | Chen Lijuan
Design | Demi
文｜姆贝尔瓦·布莱顿·凯鲁基（Mbelwa Brighton Kairuki） 坦桑尼亚联合共和国驻华大使
导读
中国正在推动“一带一路”倡议，通过更好的政策协调、互联互通、贸易和投资、金融一体化和更密切的民间关系，使坦桑尼亚等伙伴克服经济和发展挑战
●历久弥新的中坦关系
●坦桑尼亚宝石矿业的投资机遇
●坦桑尼亚的宝石和珠宝首饰业
●坦桑尼亚宝石和珠宝首饰的市场规模
●中国（澳门）钻石与宝石交易所
●坦桑石生产和营销的管控
历久弥新的中坦关系
2021年12月9日，坦桑尼亚庆祝坦桑尼亚大陆（原名坦噶尼喀）独立60周年。今年也是中坦建交57周年。蓬勃发展的两国关系可以追溯至两国老一辈创立者，即坦桑尼亚联合共和国的姆瓦利姆·朱利叶斯·坎巴拉吉·尼雷尔和阿贝德·阿马尼·卡鲁姆，以及中华人民共和国的毛泽东主席和周恩来总理。
中坦友谊不断巩固，尽管整个世界，尤其是中坦两国都曾面对并将继续面对经济波动，但两国友谊经受住了这一考验。虽然全球经济形势风云变幻，在中国国家主席习近平和坦桑尼亚总统萨米亚·苏鲁胡·哈桑等领导人长期的出色领导下，中国始终是坦桑尼亚和坦桑尼亚人民坚定可靠的朋友和发展伙伴。
多年来，中国为助力坦桑尼亚实现经济和发展目标做出了巨大贡献。例如1969-1974年，中国修建了坦桑尼亚-赞比亚铁路，即广为人知的坦赞铁路。大约在同一时期，中国在坦桑尼亚建立了多家工厂，其中就有“坦中友谊纺织厂”，即人们常叫的“友谊”，成立之初是东非最大的一体化纺织厂。
今天，中国的投资足迹在坦桑尼亚和整个非洲蔚然成风并不断增长。在坦桑尼亚，中国投资涉及许多领域，如农业、渔业、工业、基础设施发展等。中国目前拥有 700 多个项目，价值近 70 亿美元，雇用了 87,000 多名当地人，是坦桑尼亚最大的投资来源国。
但中国的足迹不仅限于贸易和投资。坦桑尼亚一直受益于中国的赠款、优惠和商业贷款以及技术和专业知识。这些机制使坦桑尼亚得以建成重大的基础设施，如国家信息通信技术宽带网、达累斯萨拉姆-姆特瓦拉天然气管道、达累斯萨拉姆大学新图书馆、卡盖拉职业技术学院和许多其他项目。
中国正在推动“一带一路”倡议，通过更好的政策协调、互联互通、贸易和投资、金融一体化和更密切的民间关系，使坦桑尼亚等伙伴克服经济和发展挑战。坦桑尼亚和中国自1964 年双边关系建立以来，在推动民间关系方面一直卓有成效。
当有人警告姆瓦利穆·尼雷尔中国对非洲和坦桑尼亚的所谓企图时，尼雷尔回应道：“……我们自己会明白中国对我们的意图，用不着别人对我们说。” 与中国经历了超过55年的友谊与合作后，坦桑尼亚现在非常明确中国对坦桑尼亚等其他发展中国家的意图。用习主席的话说，中国希望“构建命运共同体”。
坦桑尼亚愿一如既往地与中国政府和人民携手，构建两国人民共享的繁荣未来。
⬆ 矿工展示坦桑蓝原石
坦桑尼亚宝石矿业的投资机遇
本着中坦友谊和伙伴关系的精神，在中国实施“一带一路”倡议的背景下，随着在塞内加尔达喀尔举行的中非合作论坛第八届部长级会议圆满结束，坦桑尼亚大使馆于2021年12月10日在澳门举行的第一届国际宝石与钻石贸易峰会上推介了坦桑尼亚宝石产业，以促进和吸引坦桑尼亚宝石矿业投资。
欢迎中国投资者探索坦桑尼亚矿业的投资机遇，包括金、银、铁、铜、铂、镍、锡、铅、锰等金属矿产的开采、选矿和其他增值活动；石墨、高岭土、磷酸盐、石灰、石膏、硅藻土、膨润土、蛭石等工业矿物；宝石，如坦桑石、钻石、红宝石、石榴石、蓝宝石、碧玺和金绿宝石；以及煤、铀等能源矿产。
我们同样欢迎投资者向大、中、小各类型矿业公司提供矿业服务、设备和器材投资，抓住机遇，与在坦的公共和私营企业及个人建立伙伴关系、开展合作。在坦桑尼亚这个非洲首屈一指的投资目的地，潜在投资者可享受矿业的税收或非税收的优惠政策，还可以拥有一个安全可靠、和平安宁的投资环境。
⬆ 坦桑尼亚桑给巴尔斯通镇著名市政厅的航拍
坦桑尼亚的宝石和珠宝首饰业
坦桑尼亚拥有从各种地质条件中发掘的优质宝石，包括尖晶石、紫水晶、海蓝宝石、祖母绿、石榴石、红宝石、碧玺和蓝宝石等。坦桑尼亚拥有经济价值巨大且独特的梅勒拉尼（Mirerani）坦桑石宝石矿床。坦桑石是仅在坦桑尼亚发现的一种稀有宝石。由于坦桑石的独特性和重要性，坦桑尼亚政府决定宣布梅勒拉尼为受管控矿区，以打击矿产走私。
根据第五届政府的矿业改革和政治意愿，围绕梅勒拉尼矿区建造了24.5 公里长的管控墙。这一举措实施后，坦桑石的产量与前几年相比有了惊人的增长。
2015/16至2020/21年,中型和小型矿山的坦桑石产量从2016/17年的156.15公斤、2017/18年的464.45公斤增长到2018/19年的1,964.75公斤，2019/20的4,642.49
公斤和2020/21的 8,962.24 公斤。2015/16 年报告的产量包括坦桑石一矿有限公司 （Tanzanite One Mining Limited）（C区块的主产矿2017年来未开工）和小型矿业公司的产量。
另一方面，坦桑尼亚几十年来一直是天然毛坯钻石的重要生产国，大部分产量出自位于姆瓦杜伊（Mwadui）
的威廉姆森钻石有限公司（Williamson Diamond Limited/ WDL，一家大型生产商)
的矿山、埃尔希拉尔矿业有限公司（El-Hillal Minerals Limited，一家中型生产商）和其他小规模生产商。坦桑尼亚已发现逾 300 种金伯利岩，其中 20% 含钻石。
威廉姆森钻石有限公司以独家生产粉钻闻名，2015 年曾产出一颗23.16 克拉的粉钻；2016年产出一颗32.33 克拉的粉钻，2018 年产出一颗19.36 克拉的粉钻，2019 年产出一颗21.18 克拉的粉钻。
为使采矿业正规化，坦桑尼亚成功在国内各个地区建立了矿产市场。通过这一做法，坦桑尼亚构建了一个非常良好的价值链体系网络，用来监管卖方、买方和政府的利益。
坦桑尼亚宝石和珠宝首饰的市场规模
根据罗伯特·格拉芬（Robert Grafen）2015年11 月的研究，C区块内剩余的坦桑石资源介于1,759,102吨至1,469,743吨之间，含克拉总数介于72,752,292至 87,103,683之间。因此，以每年54,000吨的开采速度计算，罗伯特估计矿山寿命为27年。他在发言中得出结论，C区块的坦桑石资源估计占梅勒拉尼总资源的2/3。因此，其他剩余区块坦桑石资源量约为1/3。
坦桑石被誉为过去2000年里发现的最美丽的石头，而且价格更亲民，因如下几点具有投资潜力：
1）它是一种多色宝石，即在不同角度观察它时会显示蓝色和紫色不同的颜色。鲜艳的深蓝色是最上乘、最有价值的坦桑石颜色；
2）坦桑石因仅在坦桑尼亚的一个地区发现而稀有，要比钻石稀有约1000倍！坦桑石的天然储量正在枯竭，预计未来几十年内会开采殆尽。再发现另一个坦桑石矿的几率大约为一百万分之一，这就是为什么这种石头被称为“地质现象”。许多坦桑石卖家利用坦桑石仅在一个小区域内发现这件事来宣传这种材质的稀有性；
3) 有人认为，当已知矿床被采光时，坦桑石的价值会暴涨。开始可能会发生这种情况，没有人确定。
中国（澳门）钻石与宝石交易所
中国（澳门）钻石与宝石交易所愿为坦桑尼亚的矿业公司、宝石经销商和珠宝商提供一站式服务。中国（澳门）钻石与宝石交易所愿意分享自己的资源，与大使馆合作，成为坦桑尼亚经销商的独家服务提供商。坦桑尼亚驻华大使馆也愿意推动这一进程。
坦桑尼亚宝石经销商希望为原石和成品找到直接市场。欢迎潜在买家通过中国钻石与宝石交易所与经销商建立联系，并考察坦桑尼亚矿产市场，在那里他们可以轻松与尚未进入中国市场的经销商建立联系。另外，对于想要在各种有潜力的宝石生产领域合作投资的投资者，宝石生产商们有意与这些投资者建立联系，可以直接合作投资采矿作业、宝石出口或设备供应。
坦桑石生产和营销的管控
得益于我们两国特殊的外交关系，交易所将在使馆指导下为坦桑尼亚提供独家推广和拍卖的机会，以瞄准正确的市场。坦桑尼亚需要在中国市场专门推广坦桑石。坦桑石等珠宝产品营销中的一个重要因素，在于如何管控好这些宝石的生产和营销，使它们呈现在最终消费者面前。另一个常用的准则是让人们相信其消费不仅能显示奢华，还有助于改善他人生活，以此鼓励人们购买坦桑石等宝石。
坦桑尼亚认为以下策略可能对推广和拍卖的机会具有重要意义：
(1) 使用《坦桑石原产地证书》完全控制坦桑石的生产和销售（可追溯性）；
(2) 确保按照安全、环保、遵守采矿法律法规和限制雇用 18 岁以下未成年人等矿业道德价值观进行坦桑石开采；
(3) 确保从坦桑尼亚出口并被最终消费者购买的坦桑石矿石具有符合国际标准的附加值；
(4) 确保国际买家或消费者最终能够直接从坦桑尼亚的经销商和生产商处买到坦桑石。
编辑 | 丽 娟
校对 | 闫建军
设计 | 大 米